Viking expansion (English Wikipedia)

Redd, Wyatt (16 January 2018). "Sex Slaves – The Dirty Secret Behind The Founding Of Iceland". All That's Interesting. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.

aramcoworld.com

archive.aramcoworld.com

Gabriel, Judith. "Among the Norse Tribes". 50.6 (November/December 1999 ed.). Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2012.

aroundtheworldineightyyears.com

"The Slave Market of Dublin". 23 April 2013.

battlefieldstrust.com

"UK Battlefields Resource Centre – Britons, Saxons & Vikings – The Norman Conquest – The Battle of Battle of Stamford Bridge". www.battlefieldstrust.com.

bbc.co.uk

"BBC – Scotland's History – Iona". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

biography.wales

"Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.

bl.uk

"Treaty between Alfred and Guthrum". The British Library. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

books.google.com

David R. Wyatt (2009). Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200. Brill. p. 124. ISBN 978-90-04-17533-4.
Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018). Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Springer. p. 349. ISBN 978-3-319-78828-9.
Keynes, Simon (1997). "The Vikings in England c. 790–1016". In Sawyer, Peter (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-19-820526-5.
Compare: Sawyer, Peter (2001) [1997]. "1: The age of the Vikings and before". In Sawyer, Peter (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford Illustrated Histories. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0192854346. Retrieved 11 January 2017. Several Viking leaders joined forces in the hope of winning status and independence by conquering England, which then consisted of four kingdoms. In 865 a fleet landed in East Anglia and was later joined by others to form what a contemporary chronicler described, with good reason, as a 'great army'.
Compare: Keynes, Simon (2001) [1997]. "3: The Vikings in England, c. 790–1016". In Sawyer, Peter (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford Illustrated Histories. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0192854346. Retrieved 11 January 2017. The leaders appear to have included Ivar the Boneless and his brother Halfdan, sons of the legendary Ragnar Lothbrok, as well as another 'king' called Bagsecg, and several 'earls'; and if it is assumed that Ivar is the Imar who had been active in Ireland in the late 850s and early 860s, it would appear that he had been able to meet up with his brother and assume joint leadership of the army some time after its arrival in England.
Archæologia Cambrensis: "Chronicle of the Princes", p. 15. Accessed 27 February 2013.
Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018). Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Springer. p. 349. ISBN 978-3-319-78828-9.
Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Dunedin Academic Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
Rice, Earle Jr (2009). The Life and Times of Erik the Red. Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-61228-882-6.

britannia.com

"ASC 794". Britannia Online. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [...] the heathen armies spread devastation among the Northumbrians, and plundered the monastery of King Everth at the mouth of the Wear. There, however, some of their leaders were slain; and some of their ships also were shattered to pieces by the violence of the weather; many of the crew were drowned; and some, who escaped alive to the shore, were soon dispatched at the mouth of the river.

britannica.com

"Rurik Dynasty Kievan Rus & Muscovy Princes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 13 July 2023.

doi.org

Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–S243. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.
Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.
Shane McLeod. "Warriors and women: the sex ratio of Norse migrants to eastern England up to 900 AD" 18 July 2011. Early Medieval Europe, Volume 19, Issue 3, pp. 332–53, August 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00323.x Web PDF Quote:"These results, six female Norse migrants and seven male, should caution against assuming that the great majority of Norse migrants were male, despite the other forms of evidence suggesting the contrary."
McEvoy, B.; Edwards, C. J. (August 2005). "Heredity – Human migration: Reappraising the Viking Image". Heredity. 95 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800695. PMID 15931243. S2CID 6564086. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
Hudson, Benjamin T. "Sihtric (Sigtryggr Óláfsson, Sigtryggr Silkiskegg) (d. 1042)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25545. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; et al. (2021). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021" (PDF). Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..388K. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.
Gabriel, S. I.; Mathias, M. L.; Searle, J. B. (January 2015). "Of mice and the 'Age of Discovery': the complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 (1): 130–145. doi:10.1111/jeb.12550. PMID 25394749. S2CID 24375092.
Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Hernández, Armand; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Gonçalves, Vítor; Bao, Roberto; Sáez, Alberto; Shanahan, Timothy; Benavente, Mario; de Boer, Erik J.; Richter, Nora; Gordon, Verónica; Marques, Helena; Sousa, Pedro M.; Souto, Martín; Matias, Miguel G. (12 October 2021). "Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (41). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11808236R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2108236118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8522277. PMID 34607952.

earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk

"Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum (AGu)". Early English Laws. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

easme-web.eu

erc.easme-web.eu

"Datahub of ERC funded projects". erc.easme-web.eu. Retrieved 19 October 2021.

enta.net

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Welsh place names. Archived 20 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.
Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; et al. (2021). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021" (PDF). Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..388K. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.
Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Hernández, Armand; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Gonçalves, Vítor; Bao, Roberto; Sáez, Alberto; Shanahan, Timothy; Benavente, Mario; de Boer, Erik J.; Richter, Nora; Gordon, Verónica; Marques, Helena; Sousa, Pedro M.; Souto, Martín; Matias, Miguel G. (12 October 2021). "Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (41). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11808236R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2108236118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8522277. PMID 34607952.

heritagegateway.org.uk

Historic England. "Raid on Jarrow 794 (1579441)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 26 June 2016.

history.com

"6 Viking Leaders You Should Know – History Lists". History.com. Retrieved 27 October 2015.

jebbo.co.uk

asc.jebbo.co.uk

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Manuscript B: Cotton Tiberius A.vi. Retrieved 12 September 2013. The entry for 867 refers to the Great Heathen Army: mycel hæþen here

jstor.org

Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age". Scandinavian Studies. 62 (2): 141–162. ISSN 0036-5637. JSTOR 40919117.

kodebergen.no

"..The Silver Treasure | KODE..." kodebergen.no. Retrieved 19 October 2021.

livescience.com

Choi, Charles Q. (8 November 2016). "The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?". Live Science. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

mcllibrary.org

"Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway – Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and His Brothers Eystein and Olaf". Medieval and Classical Literature Library Release.

medievalswansea.ac.uk

Holmes, Lilley, Claire, Keith. "Viking Swansea". Medieval Swansea. Retrieved 25 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

museum.ie

"Viking Ireland | Archaeology". National Museum of Ireland. Retrieved 19 October 2021.

museum.wales

"When the Vikings invaded North Wales". 2 April 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2022.

museumkennis.nl

Vikingschat van Wieringen Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 June 2008. (Dutch only)

myoldmaps.com

Title: Skálholt Map; Author: Sigurd Stefansson/Thord Thorláksson; Date: 1590 myoldmaps.com

nationalgeographic.com

"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves". National Geographic News. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

nature.com

McEvoy, B.; Edwards, C. J. (August 2005). "Heredity – Human migration: Reappraising the Viking Image". Heredity. 95 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800695. PMID 15931243. S2CID 6564086. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; et al. (2021). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021" (PDF). Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..388K. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.

nbcnews.com

Viegas, Jennifer (17 September 2008). "Viking Age triggered by shortage of wives?". msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–S243. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.
McEvoy, B.; Edwards, C. J. (August 2005). "Heredity – Human migration: Reappraising the Viking Image". Heredity. 95 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800695. PMID 15931243. S2CID 6564086. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; et al. (2021). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021" (PDF). Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..388K. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.
Gabriel, S. I.; Mathias, M. L.; Searle, J. B. (January 2015). "Of mice and the 'Age of Discovery': the complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 (1): 130–145. doi:10.1111/jeb.12550. PMID 25394749. S2CID 24375092.
Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Hernández, Armand; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Gonçalves, Vítor; Bao, Roberto; Sáez, Alberto; Shanahan, Timothy; Benavente, Mario; de Boer, Erik J.; Richter, Nora; Gordon, Verónica; Marques, Helena; Sousa, Pedro M.; Souto, Martín; Matias, Miguel G. (12 October 2021). "Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (41). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11808236R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2108236118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8522277. PMID 34607952.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; et al. (2021). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021" (PDF). Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..388K. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.
Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Hernández, Armand; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Gonçalves, Vítor; Bao, Roberto; Sáez, Alberto; Shanahan, Timothy; Benavente, Mario; de Boer, Erik J.; Richter, Nora; Gordon, Verónica; Marques, Helena; Sousa, Pedro M.; Souto, Martín; Matias, Miguel G. (12 October 2021). "Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (41). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11808236R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2108236118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8522277. PMID 34607952.

nms.ac.uk

History, Scottish; read, Archaeology 15 min. "The Galloway Hoard in the context of the Viking-age". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 19 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

obsidianportal.com

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"Background | SAGA – The Age of Vikings | Obsidian Portal". saga-the-age-of-vikings.obsidianportal.com. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

ordnancesurvey.co.uk

"Glossary of Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain". Archived from the original on 28 January 2013.

oxforddnb.com

Hudson, Benjamin T. "Sihtric (Sigtryggr Óláfsson, Sigtryggr Silkiskegg) (d. 1042)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25545. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

oxfordreference.com

John Cannon, ed. (2009). Sweyn Estrithsson: A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press. Oxford Reference Online. ISBN 978-0199550371. Retrieved 9 July 2012.

science.org

"Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves". Science | AAAS. 13 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
Price, Michael (4 October 2021). "Vikings in paradise: Were the Norse the first to settle the Azores?". Science.

sciencealert.com

Hrala, Josh (14 November 2016). "Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–S243. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.
McEvoy, B.; Edwards, C. J. (August 2005). "Heredity – Human migration: Reappraising the Viking Image". Heredity. 95 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800695. PMID 15931243. S2CID 6564086. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
Gabriel, S. I.; Mathias, M. L.; Searle, J. B. (January 2015). "Of mice and the 'Age of Discovery': the complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 (1): 130–145. doi:10.1111/jeb.12550. PMID 25394749. S2CID 24375092.

sites.google.com

"Silver and the Origins of the Viking Age: An ERC project". Retrieved 19 October 2021 – via sites.google.com.

telegraph.co.uk

Knapton, Sarah (5 November 2016). "Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
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thevintagenews.com

"New Viking Study Points to "Love and Marriage" as the Main Reason for their Raids". The Vintage News. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

tripod.com

gersey.tripod.com

"The Víking Era (793-~1100 CE)". gersey.tripod.com.

utah.edu

collections.lib.utah.edu

The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved. https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7.

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Hrala, Josh (14 November 2016). "Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
Choi, Charles Q. (8 November 2016). "The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?". Live Science. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
Redd, Wyatt (16 January 2018). "Sex Slaves – The Dirty Secret Behind The Founding Of Iceland". All That's Interesting. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves". National Geographic News. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
Viegas, Jennifer (17 September 2008). "Viking Age triggered by shortage of wives?". msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
Knapton, Sarah (5 November 2016). "Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"New Viking Study Points to "Love and Marriage" as the Main Reason for their Raids". The Vintage News. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
"Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves". Science | AAAS. 13 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
Georgina R. Bowden, Patricia Balaresque, Turi E. King, Ziff Hansen, Andrew C. Lee, Giles Pergl-Wilson, Emma Hurley, Stephen J. Roberts, Patrick Waite, Judith Jesch, Abigail L. Jones, Mark G. Thomas, Stephen E. Harding, and Mark A. Jobling (2008). "Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England". Molecular Biol Evol 25(2): 301–09.
"Glossary of Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain". Archived from the original on 28 January 2013.
Welsh place names. Archived 20 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Vikingschat van Wieringen Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 June 2008. (Dutch only)
Gabriel, Judith. "Among the Norse Tribes". 50.6 (November/December 1999 ed.). Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2012.

wikisource.org

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wiley.com

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Shane McLeod. "Warriors and women: the sex ratio of Norse migrants to eastern England up to 900 AD" 18 July 2011. Early Medieval Europe, Volume 19, Issue 3, pp. 332–53, August 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00323.x Web PDF Quote:"These results, six female Norse migrants and seven male, should caution against assuming that the great majority of Norse migrants were male, despite the other forms of evidence suggesting the contrary."

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Knapton, Sarah (5 November 2016). "Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age". Scandinavian Studies. 62 (2): 141–162. ISSN 0036-5637. JSTOR 40919117.
Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–S243. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.
Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.
Alexander, Caroline (2011). Lost gold of the Dark Ages : war, treasure, and the mystery of the Saxons. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4262-0884-3. OCLC 773579888.
Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Hernández, Armand; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Gonçalves, Vítor; Bao, Roberto; Sáez, Alberto; Shanahan, Timothy; Benavente, Mario; de Boer, Erik J.; Richter, Nora; Gordon, Verónica; Marques, Helena; Sousa, Pedro M.; Souto, Martín; Matias, Miguel G. (12 October 2021). "Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (41). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11808236R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2108236118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8522277. PMID 34607952.

worldhistory.org

Mark, Joshua J. (20 March 2018). "Viking Raids in Britain". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 3 May 2020.