Vikings (English Wikipedia)

Eldar Heide (2008). "Viking, week, and Widsith. A reply to Harald Bjorvand". Centre of Medieval Studies (University of Bergen). Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi. 123: 23–28. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Mees, Bernard (2012). "Taking Turns: linguistic economy and the name of the Vikings". Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT). Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi. 127: 5–12. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Downham, Clare (2012). "Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview". History Compass. 10 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00820.x. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2014.

aeon.co

"Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 30 January 2025.

aftonbladet.se

Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007). "Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt" [Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

archaeology.org

The Fate of Greenland's Vikings Archived 11 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, by Dale Mackenzie Brown, Archaeological Institute of America, 28 February 2000
Curry, Andrew (10 June 2013). "The First Vikings". Archaeology. the Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.

archive.archaeology.org

Dale Mackenzie Brown (28 February 2000). "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings". Archaeology. the Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.

archaeologydataservice.ac.uk

Byock, Jesse; Walker, Phillip; Erlandson, Jon; Holck, Per; Zori, David; Gudmundsson, Magnus; Tveskov, Mark (2005). "A Viking-Age Valley in Iceland: The Mosfell Archaeological Project" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. XLIX: 195–218. doi:10.1179/007660905x54080. S2CID 162307212. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.

archive.org

Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 095173394X. The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' Holman, Catherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. p. 1. ISBN 0810865890. Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... Simpson, Jacqueline (1980). The Viking World. Batsford. p. 9. ISBN 0713407778. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030737. The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group
Batey, Colleen E.; Graham-Campbell, James (1994). Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. New York: Facts on File. p. 184. ISBN 9780816030040.
The Syntax of Old Norse by Jan Terje Faarlund; p. 25 Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0-19-927110-0; The Principles of English Etymology By Walter W. Skeat, published in 1892, defined Viking: better Wiking, Icel. Viking-r, O. Icel. *Viking-r, a creek-dweller; from Icel. vik, O. Icel. *wik, a creek, bay, with suffix -uig-r, belonging to Principles of English Etymology by Walter W. Skeat; Clarendon; p. 479
Block, Leo, To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Naval Institute Press, 2002, ISBN 1-55750-209-9
Wolf 2004, pp. 142–143 Wolf, Kirsten (2004). Daily Life of the Vikings. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-313-32269-3.
Sawyer, Peter; Sawyer, Professor of Medieval History Peter (1997). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198205265. Retrieved 17 October 2015 – via Internet Archive.

battle.net

us.battle.net

"The Lost Vikings – Heroes of the Storm". us.battle.net. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2019.

bbc.co.uk

Gareth Williams: Viking Money Archived 10 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine BBC History
Williams, Gareth (17 February 2011). "BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Viking Money". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
The Viking Revival By Professor Andrew Wawn at Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine BBC
Williams, G. (2001) How do we know about the Vikings? Archived 16 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2007.

bl.uk

Viking Words Archived 3 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine The British Library

books.google.com

Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 095173394X. The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' Holman, Catherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. p. 1. ISBN 0810865890. Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... Simpson, Jacqueline (1980). The Viking World. Batsford. p. 9. ISBN 0713407778. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030737. The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group
Campbell, Alistair (1973). "Viking". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 23. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 11. ISBN 0852291736. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The term "Viking" is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. Mawer, Allen (1922). "The Vikings". In Bury, J. B. (ed.). The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... "Viking". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 9780191727139. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020. Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John, eds. (2015). "Viking". The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191757150. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020. Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents.
Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 1612. ISBN 978-0199601103. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Dictionary.com. Random House. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.
The Syntax of Old Norse by Jan Terje Faarlund; p. 25 Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0-19-927110-0; The Principles of English Etymology By Walter W. Skeat, published in 1892, defined Viking: better Wiking, Icel. Viking-r, O. Icel. *Viking-r, a creek-dweller; from Icel. vik, O. Icel. *wik, a creek, bay, with suffix -uig-r, belonging to Principles of English Etymology by Walter W. Skeat; Clarendon; p. 479
Hall 2007, p. 8. Hall, Richard Andrew (2007). The World of the Vikings. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500051443. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Hødnebø, Finn (1987). "Who Were the First Vikings?". In Knirk, James E. (ed.). Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress: Larkollen, Norway, 1985. Universitetets oldsaksamling. p. 46. ISBN 978-82-7181-062-7. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
Frantzen, Allen J. (2012). Anglo-Saxon Keywords. John Wiley & Sons. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-118-25560-5.
Richards, Julian D. (2005). The Vikings: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-19-157807-6. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
Peter Sawyer, The Viking Expansion, The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Issue 1 Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Knut Helle, ed., 2003), p. 105.
Toyne, Stanley Mease. The Scandinavians in history Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Pg.27. 1970.
Hall 2007, p. 96. Hall, Richard Andrew (2007). The World of the Vikings. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500051443. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Hall 2007, p. 96, "Rurik... reportedly settled in Novgorod... and founded the Ryurik dynasty, which ruled Russia until 1598... Although the story of Rurik is at best semi-legendary, the region's links with Scandinavia are confirmed by archaeological evidence". Hall, Richard Andrew (2007). The World of the Vikings. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500051443. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Roslund, Mats (2007). Guests in the House: Cultural Transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians 900 to 1300 AD. BRILL. p. 469. ISBN 978-90-474-2185-6. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
Lindqvist, Herman (2006). Historien om alla Sveriges drottningar: från myt och helgon till drottning i tiden. Norstedt; University of Wisconsin. p. 24; 35; 536. ISBN 9113015249. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
Hall 2007, p. 25. Hall, Richard Andrew (2007). The World of the Vikings. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500051443. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Sawyer, P. H. (2013). Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700–1100. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134947775. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
Haywood, John (2006). Dark Age Naval Power: A Reassessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity. Anglo-Saxon Books. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-1-898281-43-6. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
David R. Wyatt (2009). Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200. Brill. p. 124. ISBN 978-90-04-17533-4. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018). Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Springer. p. 349. ISBN 978-3-319-78828-9. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
Crone, Patricia. Meccan trade and the rise of Islam Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. First Georgias Press. 2004.
Jesch 1991, p. 53. Jesch, Judith (1991). Women in the Viking Age. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-360-5.
Jesch 1991, p. 44. Jesch, Judith (1991). Women in the Viking Age. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-360-5.
Ekberg, Lena (2010). "The National Minority Languages in Sweden". In Gerhard Stickel (ed.). National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92. ISBN 9783631603659. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
The Hemlanden cemetery located here is the largest Viking Period cemetery in Scandinavia Phillip Pulsiano; Kirsten Wolf, eds. (1993). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (Illustrated ed.). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 238–39. ISBN 978-0-8240-4787-0. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
Karras, Ruth Mazo (2017). "The Identity of the Slave in Scandinavia". In Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (eds.). Critical Readings on Global Slavery. BRILL. pp. 729–735. ISBN 978-90-04-34661-1. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
Arcini, Caroline (2018). The Viking Age: A Time with Many Faces. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78570-941-8. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
Inge Bødker Enghoff (2013). "Hunting, fishing and animal husbandry at The Farm Beneath The Sand, Western Greenland". Man & Society. 28. the Greenland National Museum, Dansk Polar Center. ISBN 978-8763512602. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Fondén, R; Leporanta, K; Svensson, U (2007). "Chapter 7. Nordic/Scandinavian Fermented Milk Products". In Tamime, Adnan (ed.). Fermented Milks. Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470995501.ch7. ISBN 978-0632064588. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
Mallon, Bill; Widlund, Ture (2002). The 1912 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7864-1047-7. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
Christiansen, Eric (2008). Norsemen in the Viking Age. John Wiley & Sons. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-470-69276-9. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
Pörtner, Rudolf (1975). The Vikings: Rise and Fall of the Norse Sea Kings. St. James Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-900997-33-4. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
Lapidge, Michael (2005). Latin Learning and English Lore: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-8020-8919-9. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
Shona Grimbly (2013). Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. Routledge. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-1-136-78688-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Dennis Howard Green; Frank Siegmund (2003). The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Boydell Press. pp. 306–. ISBN 978-1-84383-026-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Dale, Roderick (2021). The Myths and Realities of the Viking Berserkr. Routledge. pp. 72–75, 85. ISBN 978-0-429-65036-9. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Heidi Michelle Sherman (2008). Barbarians come to Market: The Emporia of Western Eurasia from 500 BC to AD 1000. pp. 250–55. ISBN 978-0549718161. Retrieved 24 February 2014.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Jørgensen, Lise Bender; Jesch, Judith (2002). "Rural Economy: Ecology, Hunting, Pastoralism, Agricultural and Nutritional Aspects". The Scandinavians – from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress. pp. 131–37. ISBN 978-0851158679. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Wienberg, Jes (2015). "Vikings and the Western Frontier". In Larsson, Lars; Ekengren, Fredrik; Helgesson, Bertil (eds.). Small Things – Wide Horizons: Studies in honour of Birgitta Hårdh. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-78491-132-4. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
Duczko, Wladyslaw (1 January 2004). Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-13874-2. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

brill.com

Lindqvist, Herman (2006). Historien om alla Sveriges drottningar: från myt och helgon till drottning i tiden. Norstedt; University of Wisconsin. p. 24; 35; 536. ISBN 9113015249. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.

britannica.com

"Viking". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were...
Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian. "Denmark: The Viking Era". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland
"Olaf". Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
"Canute (I) king of England, Denmark, and Norway". Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
Jelling stones. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.

cambridge.org

dictionary.cambridge.org

Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 1612. ISBN 978-0199601103. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Dictionary.com. Random House. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.

cambridge.org

Barrett, James H. (September 2008). "What caused the Viking Age?" (PDF). Antiquity. 82 (317): 680–681. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00097301. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 59363335. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.

cnn.com

Sherry, Sophie (5 July 2019). "Archaeologists expected a routine dig in Sweden, but they uncovered two rare Viking burial boats". CNN Travel. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.

collinsdictionary.com

Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 1612. ISBN 978-0199601103. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Dictionary.com. Random House. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.

communicatingculture.dk

Pernille Rohde Sloth, Ulla Lund Hansen & Sabine Karg (2013). "Viking Age garden plants from southern Scandinavia – diversity, taphonomy and cultural aspect" (PDF). Danish Journal of Archaeology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.

core.ac.uk

Schulte, Michael (11 January 2018). "Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess" (PDF). Maal og Minne. 109. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.

danmarkshistorien.dk

Kold, Lotte Flugt (3 November 2014). "Dannevirke". danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Aarhus University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2014. Senest i krigen 1864 (2. Slesvigske Krig) fungerede Dannevirke som forsvarsværk, og fortidsmindet har en nærmest mytisk rolle i Danmarks historie." English: "Dannevirke last functioned as a defensive structure in the 1864 Second Schleswig War; this ancient structure has an almost mythical role in Denmark's history.

destructoid.com

"How historically accurate is Skyrim? Part 2". Destructoid. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2019.

dictionary.com

Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 1612. ISBN 978-0199601103. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Dictionary.com. Random House. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.

discovermagazine.com

blogs.discovermagazine.com

Ross, Valerie (31 May 2011). "Climate change froze Vikings out of Greenland". Discover. Kalmback Publishing. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.

doi.org

Margaryan, Ashot (September 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature. 585 (7825): 390–396. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..390M. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. hdl:10852/83989. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 32939067. S2CID 221769227. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil; Ingason, Andrés; Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Korneliussen, Thorfinn (September 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature. 585 (7825): 390–396. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..390M. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. hdl:10852/83989. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32939067. S2CID 221769227. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
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In the nominative: krikiaR (G216). In the genitive: girkha (U922$), k—ika (U104). In the dative: girkium (U1087†), kirikium (SöFv1954;20, U73, U140), ki(r)k(i)(u)(m) (Ög94$), kirkum (U136), krikium (Sö163, U431), krikum (Ög81A, Ög81B, Sö85, Sö165, Vg178, U201, U518), kri(k)um (U792), krikum (Sm46†, U446†), krkum (U358), kr... (Sö345$A), kRkum (Sö82). In the accusative: kriki (Sö170). Uncertain case krik (U1016$Q). Greece also appears as griklanti (U112B), kriklati (U540), kriklontr (U374$), see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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iaursaliR (G216), iursala (U605†), iursalir (U136G216, U605, U136), see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
lakbarþilanti (SöFv1954;22), see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
serklat (G216), se(r)kl... (Sö279), sirklanti (Sö131), sirk:lan:ti (Sö179), sirk*la(t)... (Sö281), srklant- (U785), skalat- (U439), see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
eklans (Vs18$), eklans (Sö83†), ekla-s (Vs5), enklans (Sö55), iklans (Sö207), iklanþs (U539C), ailati (Ög104), aklati (Sö166), akla- (U616$), anklanti (U194), eg×loti (U812), eklanti (Sö46, Sm27), eklati (ÖgFv1950;341, Sm5C, Vs9), enklanti (DR6C), haklati (Sm101), iklanti (Vg20), iklati (Sm77), ikla-ti (Gs8), i...-ti (Sm104), ok*lanti (Vg187), oklati (Sö160), onklanti (U241), onklati (U344), -klanti (Sm29$), iklot (N184), see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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