"Villanelle". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
"Villain". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
jstor.org
Benstock, Bernard (1976). "The Temptation of St. Stephen: A View of the Villanelle". James Joyce Quarterly. 14 (1): 31–8. JSTOR25476025. (subscription required)
Rossman, Charles (1975). "Stephen Dedalus' Villanelle". James Joyce Quarterly. 12 (3): 281–93. JSTOR25487187. (subscription required)