References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Vladimir Lenin" in the English version

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Fischer 1964, p. 6; Rice 1990, p. 12; Service 2000, p. 13. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 6; Rice 1990, pp. 12, 14; Service 2000, p. 25; White 2001, pp. 19–20; Read 2005, p. 4; Lih 2011, pp. 21, 22. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, pp. 3, 8; Rice 1990, pp. 14–15; Service 2000, p. 29. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 1–2; Rice 1990, pp. 12–13; Volkogonov 1994, p. 7; Service 2000, pp. 21–23; White 2001, pp. 13–15; Read 2005, p. 6. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 1–2; Rice 1990, pp. 12–13; Service 2000, pp. 21–23; White 2001, pp. 13–15; Read 2005, p. 6. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 5; Rice 1990, p. 13; Service 2000, p. 23. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 2–3; Rice 1990, p. 12; Service 2000, pp. 16–19, 23; White 2001, pp. 15–18; Read 2005, p. 5; Lih 2011, p. 20. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 6; Rice 1990, pp. 13–14, 18; Service 2000, pp. 25, 27; White 2001, pp. 18–19; Read 2005, pp. 4, 8; Lih 2011, p. 21; Yakovlev 1988, p. 112. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0. Yakovlev, Yegor (1988). The Beginning: The Story about the Ulyanov Family, Lenin's Childhood and Youth. Moscow: Progress. ISBN 978-5010005009.

Fischer 1964, p. 8; Service 2000, p. 27; White 2001, p. 19. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 7; Rice 1990, p. 16; Service 2000, pp. 32–36. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 7; Rice 1990, p. 17; Service 2000, pp. 36–46; White 2001, p. 20; Read 2005, p. 9. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 6, 9; Rice 1990, p. 19; Service 2000, pp. 48–49; Read 2005, p. 10. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 9; Service 2000, pp. 50–51, 64; Read 2005, p. 16; Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, p. 69. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80.

Fischer 1964, pp. 10–17; Rice 1990, pp. 20, 22–24; Service 2000, pp. 52–58; White 2001, pp. 21–28; Read 2005, p. 10; Lih 2011, pp. 23–25. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 18; Rice 1990, p. 25; Service 2000, p. 61; White 2001, p. 29; Read 2005, p. 16; Theen 2004, p. 33. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Theen, Rolf (2004). Lenin: Genesis and Development of a Revolutionary. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-64358-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 18; Rice 1990, p. 26; Service 2000, pp. 61–63. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 18; Rice 1990, p. 27; Service 2000, pp. 68–69; White 2001, p. 29; Read 2005, p. 15; Lih 2011, p. 32. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 18; Rice 1990, p. 28; White 2001, p. 30; Read 2005, p. 12; Lih 2011, pp. 32–33. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 18; Rice 1990, p. 310; Service 2000, p. 71. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 19; Rice 1990, pp. 32–33; Service 2000, p. 72; White 2001, pp. 30–31; Read 2005, p. 18; Lih 2011, p. 33. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, pp. 23–25, 26; Service 2000, p. 55; Read 2005, pp. 11, 24. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 21; Rice 1990, p. 36; Service 2000, p. 86; White 2001, p. 31; Read 2005, p. 18; Lih 2011, p. 40. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 21; Rice 1990, pp. 36, 37. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 21; Rice 1990, p. 38; Service 2000, pp. 93–94. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Pipes 1990, p. 354; Rice 1990, pp. 38–39; Service 2000, pp. 90–92; White 2001, p. 33; Lih 2011, pp. 40, 52. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Pipes 1990, p. 354; Rice 1990, pp. 39–40; Lih 2011, p. 53. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Pipes 1990, p. 355; Rice 1990, pp. 41–42; Service 2000, p. 105; Read 2005, pp. 22–23. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 22; Rice 1990, p. 41; Read 2005, pp. 20–21. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 27; Rice 1990, pp. 42–43; White 2001, pp. 34, 36; Read 2005, p. 25; Lih 2011, pp. 45–46. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 30; Pipes 1990, p. 354; Rice 1990, pp. 44–46; Service 2000, p. 103; White 2001, p. 37; Read 2005, p. 26; Lih 2011, p. 55. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 30; Rice 1990, p. 46; Service 2000, p. 103; White 2001, p. 37; Read 2005, p. 26. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 31; Pipes 1990, p. 355; Rice 1990, p. 48; White 2001, p. 38; Read 2005, p. 26. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 31; Rice 1990, pp. 48–51; Service 2000, pp. 107–108; Read 2005, p. 31; Lih 2011, p. 61. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 31; Rice 1990, pp. 48–51; Service 2000, pp. 107–108. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 31; Rice 1990, pp. 52–55; Service 2000, pp. 109–110; White 2001, pp. 38, 45, 47; Read 2005, p. 31. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 31–32; Rice 1990, pp. 53, 55–56; Service 2000, pp. 110–113; White 2001, p. 40; Read 2005, pp. 30, 31. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 33; Pipes 1990, p. 356; Service 2000, pp. 114, 140; White 2001, p. 40; Read 2005, p. 30; Lih 2011, p. 63. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, pp. 33–34; Rice 1990, pp. 53, 55–56; Service 2000, p. 117; Read 2005, p. 33. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 34–35; Rice 1990, p. 64; Service 2000, pp. 124–125; White 2001, p. 54; Read 2005, p. 43; Rappaport 2010, pp. 27–28. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 35; Pipes 1990, p. 357; Rice 1990, pp. 66–65; White 2001, pp. 55–56; Read 2005, p. 43; Rappaport 2010, p. 28. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 35; Pipes 1990, p. 357; Rice 1990, pp. 64–69; Service 2000, pp. 130–135; Rappaport 2010, pp. 32–33. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, pp. 4–5; Service 2000, p. 137; Read 2005, p. 44; Rappaport 2010, p. 66. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 39; Pipes 1990, p. 359; Rice 1990, pp. 73–75; Service 2000, pp. 137–142; White 2001, pp. 56–62; Read 2005, pp. 52–54; Rappaport 2010, p. 62; Lih 2011, pp. 69, 78–80. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 37; Rice 1990, p. 70; Service 2000, p. 136; Read 2005, p. 44; Rappaport 2010, pp. 36–37. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 37; Rice 1990, pp. 78–79; Service 2000, pp. 143–144; Rappaport 2010, pp. 81, 84. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 38; Lih 2011, p. 80. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, pp. 38–39; Rice 1990, pp. 75–76; Service 2000, p. 147. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 40, 50–51; Rice 1990, p. 76; Service 2000, pp. 148–150; Read 2005, p. 48; Rappaport 2010, pp. 82–84. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Pipes 1990, p. 360; Rice 1990, pp. 79–80; Service 2000, pp. 151–152; White 2001, p. 62; Read 2005, p. 60; Rappaport 2010, p. 92; Lih 2011, p. 81. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 39; Rice 1990, p. 82; Service 2000, pp. 155–156; Read 2005, p. 61; White 2001, p. 64; Rappaport 2010, p. 95. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 41; Rice 1990, p. 85; Service 2000, p. 165; White 2001, p. 70; Read 2005, p. 64; Rappaport 2010, p. 114. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 44; Rice 1990, pp. 86–88; Service 2000, p. 167; Read 2005, p. 75; Rappaport 2010, pp. 117–120; Lih 2011, p. 87. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Fischer 1964, pp. 44–45; Pipes 1990, pp. 362–363; Rice 1990, pp. 88–89. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Pipes 1990, pp. 363–364; Rice 1990, pp. 89–90; Service 2000, pp. 168–170; Read 2005, p. 78; Rappaport 2010, p. 124. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 60; Pipes 1990, p. 367; Rice 1990, pp. 90–91; Service 2000, p. 179; Read 2005, p. 79; Rappaport 2010, p. 131. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 51; Rice 1990, p. 94; Service 2000, pp. 175–176; Read 2005, p. 81; Read 2005, pp. 77, 81; Rappaport 2010, pp. 132, 134–135. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, pp. 70–71; Pipes 1990, pp. 369–370; Rice 1990, p. 104. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 53; Pipes 1990, p. 364; Rice 1990, pp. 99–100; Service 2000, pp. 179–180; White 2001, p. 76. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 67–68; Rice 1990, p. 111; Service 2000, pp. 188–189. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 64; Rice 1990, p. 109; Service 2000, pp. 189–190; Read 2005, pp. 89–90. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 63–64; Rice 1990, p. 110; Service 2000, pp. 190–191; White 2001, pp. 83, 84. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 64–67; Rice 1990, p. 110; Service 2000, pp. 192–193; White 2001, pp. 84, 87–88; Read 2005, p. 90. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 69; Rice 1990, p. 111; Service 2000, p. 195. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 81–82; Pipes 1990, pp. 372–375; Rice 1990, pp. 120–121; Service 2000, p. 206; White 2001, p. 102; Read 2005, pp. 96–97. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 70; Rice 1990, pp. 114–116. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, pp. 68–69; Rice 1990, p. 112; Service 2000, pp. 195–196. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 75–80; Rice 1990, p. 112; Pipes 1990, p. 384; Service 2000, pp. 197–199; Read 2005, p. 103. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 71–72; Rice 1990, pp. 116–117; Service 2000, pp. 204–206; White 2001, pp. 96–97; Read 2005, p. 95. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 72; Rice 1990, pp. 118–119; Service 2000, pp. 209–211; White 2001, p. 100; Read 2005, p. 104. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 93–94; Pipes 1990, p. 376; Rice 1990, p. 121; Service 2000, pp. 214–215; White 2001, pp. 98–99. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 73–74; Rice 1990, pp. 122–123; Service 2000, pp. 217–218; Read 2005, p. 105. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 85. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 94; Pipes 1990, pp. 377–378; Rice 1990, pp. 127–128; Service 2000, pp. 223–225; White 2001, p. 104; Read 2005, p. 105. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 94; Pipes 1990, p. 378; Rice 1990, p. 128; Service 2000, p. 225; White 2001, p. 104; Read 2005, p. 127. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 107; Service 2000, p. 236. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 85; Pipes 1990, pp. 378–379; Rice 1990, p. 127; Service 2000, p. 225; White 2001, pp. 103–104. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 94; Rice 1990, pp. 130–131; Pipes 1990, pp. 382–383; Service 2000, p. 245; White 2001, pp. 113–114, 122–113; Read 2005, pp. 132–134. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 85; Rice 1990, p. 129; Service 2000, pp. 227–228; Read 2005, p. 111. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 380; Service 2000, pp. 230–231; Read 2005, p. 130. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 95–100, 107; Rice 1990, pp. 132–134; Service 2000, pp. 245–246; White 2001, pp. 118–121; Read 2005, pp. 116–126. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 109–110; Rice 1990, p. 139; Pipes 1990, pp. 386, 389–391; Service 2000, pp. 255–256; White 2001, pp. 127–128. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 110–113; Rice 1990, pp. 140–144; Pipes 1990, pp. 391–392; Service 2000, pp. 257–260. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 113, 124; Rice 1990, p. 144; Pipes 1990, p. 392; Service 2000, p. 261; White 2001, pp. 131–132. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 393–394; Service 2000, p. 266; White 2001, pp. 132–135; Read 2005, pp. 143, 146–147. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 421; Rice 1990, p. 147; Service 2000, pp. 276, 283; White 2001, p. 140; Read 2005, p. 157. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 422–425; Rice 1990, pp. 147–148; Service 2000, pp. 283–284; Read 2005, pp. 158–61; White 2001, pp. 140–141; Read 2005, pp. 157–159. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 431–434; Rice 1990, p. 148; Service 2000, pp. 284–285; White 2001, p. 141; Read 2005, p. 161. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 125; Rice 1990, pp. 148–149; Service 2000, p. 285. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Pipes 1990, pp. 436, 467; Service 2000, p. 287; White 2001, p. 141; Read 2005, p. 165. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 468–469; Rice 1990, p. 149; Service 2000, p. 289; White 2001, pp. 142–143; Read 2005, pp. 166–172. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 468; Rice 1990, p. 150; Service 2000, pp. 289–292; Read 2005, p. 165. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 439–465; Rice 1990, pp. 150–151; Service 2000, p. 299; White 2001, pp. 143–144; Read 2005, p. 173. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 465. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, pp. 465–467; White 2001, p. 144; Lee 2003, p. 17; Read 2005, p. 174. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Lee, Stephen J. (2003). Lenin and Revolutionary Russia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28718-0. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 471; Rice 1990, pp. 151–152; Read 2005, p. 180. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 473, 482; Rice 1990, p. 152; Service 2000, pp. 302–303; Read 2005, p. 179. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 482–484; Rice 1990, pp. 153–154; Service 2000, pp. 303–304; White 2001, pp. 146–147. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 471–472; Service 2000, p. 304; White 2001, p. 147. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Rigby 1979, pp. 14–15; Leggett 1981, pp. 1–3; Pipes 1990, p. 466; Rice 1990, p. 155. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Pipes 1990, pp. 485–486, 491; Rice 1990, pp. 157, 159; Service 2000, p. 308. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Pipes 1990, pp. 492–493, 496; Service 2000, p. 311; Read 2005, p. 182. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 491; Service 2000, p. 309. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Pipes 1990, p. 499; Service 2000, pp. 314–315. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Pipes 1990, pp. 496–497; Rice 1990, pp. 159–161; Service 2000, pp. 314–315; Read 2005, p. 183. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 504; Service 2000, p. 315. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Shub 1966, p. 314; Service 2000, p. 317. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Shub 1966, p. 315; Pipes 1990, pp. 540–541; Rice 1990, p. 164; Volkogonov 1994, p. 173; Service 2000, p. 331; Read 2005, p. 192. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, pp. 546–547. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, pp. 552–553; Rice 1990, p. 165; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 176–177; Service 2000, pp. 332, 336–337; Read 2005, p. 192. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 158; Shub 1966, pp. 301–302; Rigby 1979, p. 26; Leggett 1981, p. 5; Pipes 1990, pp. 508, 519; Service 2000, pp. 318–319; Read 2005, pp. 189–190. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Rigby 1979, pp. 166–167; Leggett 1981, pp. 20–21; Pipes 1990, pp. 533–534, 537; Volkogonov 1994, p. 171; Service 2000, pp. 322–323; White 2001, p. 159; Read 2005, p. 191. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 219, 256, 379; Shub 1966, p. 374; Service 2000, p. 355; White 2001, p. 159; Read 2005, p. 219. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Rigby 1979, pp. 160–164; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 374–375; Service 2000, p. 377. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Sandle 1999, p. 74; Rigby 1979, pp. 168–169. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 432. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Leggett 1981, p. 316; Lee 2003, pp. 98–99. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Lee, Stephen J. (2003). Lenin and Revolutionary Russia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28718-0.

Rigby 1979, pp. 160–161; Leggett 1981, p. 21; Lee 2003, p. 99. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Lee, Stephen J. (2003). Lenin and Revolutionary Russia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28718-0.

Rigby 1979, pp. 168, 170; Service 2000, p. 388. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Shub 1966, p. 361; Pipes 1990, p. 548; Volkogonov 1994, p. 229; Service 2000, pp. 335–336; Read 2005, p. 198. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 156; Shub 1966, p. 350; Pipes 1990, p. 594; Volkogonov 1994, p. 185; Service 2000, p. 344; Read 2005, p. 212. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 566; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 232–233; Service 2000, p. 337; Read 2005, p. 198. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 280; Shub 1966, pp. 361–362; Pipes 1990, pp. 806–807; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 219–221; Service 2000, pp. 367–368; White 2001, p. 155. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 252–253; Pipes 1990, p. 499; Volkogonov 1994, p. 341; Service 2000, pp. 316–317; White 2001, p. 149; Read 2005, pp. 194–195. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Shub 1966, p. 310; Leggett 1981, pp. 5–6, 8, 306; Pipes 1990, pp. 521–522; Service 2000, pp. 317–318; White 2001, p. 153; Read 2005, pp. 235–236. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 249; Pipes 1990, p. 514; Service 2000, p. 321. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 249; Pipes 1990, p. 514; Read 2005, p. 219. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 249. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Leggett 1981, pp. 172–173; Pipes 1990, pp. 796–797; Read 2005, p. 242. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Leggett 1981, p. 172; Pipes 1990, pp. 798–799; Ryan 2012, p. 121. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Hazard 1965, p. 270; Leggett 1981, p. 172; Pipes 1990, pp. 796–797. Hazard, John N. (1965). "Unity and Diversity in Socialist Law". Law and Contemporary Problems. 30 (2): 270–290. doi:10.2307/1190515. JSTOR 1190515. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2016. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, pp. 260–261. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, pp. 554–555; Sandle 1999, p. 83. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Fischer 1964, p. 552; Leggett 1981, p. 308; Sandle 1999, p. 126; Read 2005, pp. 238–239; Ryan 2012, pp. 176, 182. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Volkogonov 1994, p. 373; Leggett 1981, p. 308; Ryan 2012, p. 177. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Pipes 1990, p. 709; Service 2000, p. 321. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Rigby 1979, pp. 45–46; Pipes 1990, pp. 682, 683; Service 2000, p. 321; White 2001, p. 153. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Rigby 1979, p. 50; Pipes 1990, p. 689; Sandle 1999, p. 64; Service 2000, p. 321; Read 2005, p. 231. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 437–438; Pipes 1990, p. 709; Sandle 1999, pp. 64, 68. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Fischer 1964, pp. 263–264; Pipes 1990, p. 672. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 264. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Pipes 1990, pp. 681, 692–693; Sandle 1999, pp. 96–97. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Pipes 1990, pp. 692–693; Sandle 1999, p. 97. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Fischer 1964, p. 236; Service 2000, pp. 351–352. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 259, 444–445. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, pp. 307–308; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 178–179; White 2001, p. 156; Read 2005, pp. 252–253; Ryan 2012, pp. 123–124. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Shub 1966, pp. 329–330; Service 2000, p. 385; White 2001, p. 156; Read 2005, pp. 253–254; Ryan 2012, p. 125. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Shub 1966, p. 383. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, pp. 193–194. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Shub 1966, p. 331; Pipes 1990, p. 567. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 151; Pipes 1990, p. 567; Service 2000, p. 338. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 190–191; Shub 1966, p. 337; Pipes 1990, p. 567; Rice 1990, p. 166. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, pp. 151–152; Pipes 1990, pp. 571–572. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 154; Pipes 1990, p. 572; Rice 1990, p. 166. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 161; Shub 1966, p. 331; Pipes 1990, p. 576. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, pp. 162–163; Pipes 1990, p. 576. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, pp. 171–172, 200–202; Pipes 1990, p. 578. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 195; Shub 1966, pp. 334, 337; Service 2000, pp. 338–339, 340; Read 2005, p. 199. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 206, 209; Shub 1966, p. 337; Pipes 1990, pp. 586–587; Service 2000, pp. 340–341. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Pipes 1990, p. 587; Rice 1990, pp. 166–167; Service 2000, p. 341; Read 2005, p. 199. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Shub 1966, p. 338; Pipes 1990, pp. 592–593; Service 2000, p. 341. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 211–212; Shub 1966, p. 339; Pipes 1990, p. 595; Rice 1990, p. 167; Service 2000, p. 342; White 2001, pp. 158–159. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 595; Service 2000, p. 342. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 213–214; Pipes 1990, pp. 596–597. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, pp. 313–314; Shub 1966, pp. 387–388; Pipes 1990, pp. 667–668; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 193–194; Service 2000, p. 384. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 303–304; Pipes 1990, p. 668; Volkogonov 1994, p. 194; Service 2000, p. 384. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 236; Pipes 1990, pp. 558, 723; Rice 1990, p. 170; Volkogonov 1994, p. 190. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Fischer 1964, pp. 236–237; Shub 1966, p. 353; Pipes 1990, pp. 560, 722, 732–736; Rice 1990, p. 170; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 181, 342–343; Service 2000, pp. 349, 358–359; White 2001, p. 164; Read 2005, p. 218. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 254; Pipes 1990, pp. 728, 734–736; Volkogonov 1994, p. 197; Ryan 2012, p. 105. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Fischer 1964, pp. 277–278; Pipes 1990, p. 737; Service 2000, p. 365; White 2001, pp. 155–156; Ryan 2012, p. 106. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 450; Pipes 1990, p. 726. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, pp. 700–702; Lee 2003, p. 100. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Lee, Stephen J. (2003). Lenin and Revolutionary Russia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28718-0.

Fischer 1964, p. 195; Pipes 1990, p. 794; Volkogonov 1994, p. 181; Read 2005, p. 249. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 237. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Shub 1966, p. 344; Pipes 1990, pp. 790–791; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 181, 196; Read 2005, pp. 247–248. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Shub 1966, p. 312. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, pp. 435–436. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Shub 1966, pp. 345–347; Rigby 1979, pp. 20–21; Pipes 1990, p. 800; Volkogonov 1994, p. 233; Service 2000, pp. 321–322; White 2001, p. 153; Read 2005, pp. 186, 208–209. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Leggett 1981, p. 174; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 233–234; Sandle 1999, p. 112; Ryan 2012, p. 111. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Shub 1966, p. 366; Sandle 1999, p. 112. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Pipes 1990, p. 821; Ryan 2012, pp. 114–115. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Shub 1966, p. 366; Sandle 1999, p. 113; Read 2005, p. 210; Ryan 2012, pp. 114–115. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Leggett 1981, pp. 173–174; Pipes 1990, p. 801. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Leggett 1981, pp. 199–200; Pipes 1990, pp. 819–820; Ryan 2012, p. 107. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Shub 1966, p. 364; Ryan 2012, p. 114. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Pipes 1990, p. 837. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, p. 834. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, p. 796. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, p. 825; Ryan 2012, pp. 117, 120. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Leggett 1981, pp. 174–175, 183; Pipes 1990, pp. 828–829; Ryan 2012, p. 121. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Pipes 1990, pp. 829–830, 832. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Leggett 1981, pp. 176–177; Pipes 1990, pp. 832, 834. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, p. 835; Volkogonov 1994, p. 235. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Leggett 1981, p. 178; Pipes 1990, p. 836. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Leggett 1981, p. 176; Pipes 1990, pp. 832–833. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Pipes 1990, p. 610. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Shub 1966, p. 355; Leggett 1981, p. 204; Rice 1990, pp. 173, 175; Volkogonov 1994, p. 198; Service 2000, pp. 357, 382; Read 2005, p. 187. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 334, 343, 357; Leggett 1981, p. 204; Service 2000, pp. 382, 392; Read 2005, pp. 205–206. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Leggett 1981, p. 204; Read 2005, p. 206. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 288–289; Pipes 1990, pp. 624–630; Service 2000, p. 360; White 2001, pp. 161–162; Read 2005, p. 205. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 262–263. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 291; Shub 1966, p. 354. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, pp. 331, 333. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Pipes 1990, pp. 610, 612; Volkogonov 1994, p. 198. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Fischer 1964, p. 337; Pipes 1990, pp. 609, 612, 629; Volkogonov 1994, p. 198; Service 2000, p. 383; Read 2005, p. 217. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 248, 262. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 251; White 2001, p. 163; Read 2005, p. 220. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Leggett 1981, p. 201; Pipes 1990, p. 792; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 202–203; Read 2005, p. 250. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Leggett 1981, p. 201; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 203–204. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Shub 1966, pp. 357–358; Pipes 1990, pp. 781–782; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 206–207; Service 2000, pp. 364–365. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Pipes 1990, pp. 763, 770–771; Volkogonov 1994, p. 211. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Pipes 1990, p. 635. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 244; Shub 1966, p. 355; Pipes 1990, pp. 636–640; Service 2000, pp. 360–361; White 2001, p. 159; Read 2005, p. 199. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 242; Pipes 1990, pp. 642–644; Read 2005, p. 250. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 244; Pipes 1990, p. 644; Volkogonov 1994, p. 172. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Leggett 1981, p. 184; Service 2000, p. 402; Read 2005, p. 206. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 389; Rice 1990, p. 182; Volkogonov 1994, p. 281; Service 2000, p. 407; White 2001, p. 161; Davies 2003, pp. 29–30. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Davies, Norman (2003) [1972]. White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–20 and 'the Miracle on the Vistula'. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-0694-3.

Fischer 1964, p. 389; Rice 1990, p. 182; Volkogonov 1994, p. 281; Service 2000, p. 407; White 2001, p. 161. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 391–395; Shub 1966, p. 396; Rice 1990, pp. 182–183; Service 2000, pp. 408–409, 412; White 2001, p. 161. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Shub 1966, p. 387; Rice 1990, p. 173. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 333; Shub 1966, p. 388; Rice 1990, p. 173; Volkogonov 1994, p. 395. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Fischer 1964, pp. 531, 536. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Shub 1966, pp. 389–390. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Shub 1966, p. 390. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, p. 525; Shub 1966, p. 390; Rice 1990, p. 174; Volkogonov 1994, p. 390; Service 2000, p. 386; White 2001, p. 160; Read 2005, p. 225. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 525; Shub 1966, pp. 390–391; Rice 1990, p. 174; Service 2000, p. 386; White 2001, p. 160. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 525; Shub 1966, p. 398; Read 2005, pp. 225–226. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Shub 1966, p. 395; Volkogonov 1994, p. 391. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Shub 1966, p. 397; Service 2000, p. 409. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 415–420; White 2001, pp. 161, 180–181. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Shub 1966, p. 397. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, p. 341; Shub 1966, p. 396; Rice 1990, p. 174. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, pp. 437–438; Shub 1966, p. 406; Rice 1990, p. 183; Service 2000, p. 419; White 2001, pp. 167–168. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Shub 1966, p. 406; Service 2000, p. 419; White 2001, p. 167. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 436, 442; Rice 1990, pp. 183–184; Sandle 1999, pp. 104–105; Service 2000, pp. 422–423; White 2001, p. 168; Read 2005, p. 269. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 508; Shub 1966, p. 414; Volkogonov 1994, p. 345; White 2001, p. 172. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 467; Shub 1966, p. 406; Volkogonov 1994, p. 343; Service 2000, p. 425; White 2001, p. 168; Read 2005, p. 220; Ryan 2012, p. 154. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 459; Leggett 1981, pp. 330–333; Service 2000, pp. 423–424; White 2001, p. 168; Ryan 2012, pp. 154–155. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Shub 1966, pp. 406–407; Leggett 1981, pp. 324–325; Rice 1990, p. 184; Read 2005, p. 220; Ryan 2012, p. 170. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Fischer 1964, pp. 469–470; Shub 1966, p. 405; Leggett 1981, pp. 325–326; Rice 1990, p. 184; Service 2000, p. 427; White 2001, p. 169; Ryan 2012, p. 170. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Fischer 1964, pp. 470–471; Shub 1966, pp. 408–409; Leggett 1981, pp. 327–328; Rice 1990, pp. 184–185; Service 2000, pp. 427–428; Ryan 2012, pp. 171–172. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Shub 1966, pp. 412–413. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Shub 1966, p. 411; Rice 1990, p. 185; Service 2000, pp. 421, 424–427, 429. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 479–480; Sandle 1999, p. 155; Service 2000, p. 430; White 2001, pp. 170, 171. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Shub 1966, p. 411; Sandle 1999, pp. 153, 158; Service 2000, p. 430; White 2001, p. 169; Read 2005, pp. 264–265. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Shub 1966, p. 412; Service 2000, p. 430; Read 2005, p. 266; Ryan 2012, p. 159. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 479; Shub 1966, p. 412; Sandle 1999, p. 155; Ryan 2012, p. 159. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Pipes 1990, pp. 703–707; Sandle 1999, p. 103; Ryan 2012, p. 143. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

Fischer 1964, pp. 423, 582; Sandle 1999, p. 107; White 2001, p. 165; Read 2005, p. 230. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 567–569. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, pp. 574, 576–577; Service 2000, pp. 432, 441. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 424–427. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 414; Rice 1990, pp. 177–178; Service 2000, p. 405; Read 2005, pp. 260–261. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 404–409; Rice 1990, pp. 178–179; Service 2000, p. 440. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 409–411. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, pp. 433–434; Shub 1966, pp. 380–381; Rice 1990, p. 181; Service 2000, pp. 414–415; Read 2005, p. 258. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 434; Shub 1966, pp. 381–382; Rice 1990, p. 181; Service 2000, p. 415; Read 2005, p. 258. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

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Shub 1966, p. 426; Rice 1990, p. 187; Service 2000, p. 435. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 598–599; Shub 1966, p. 426; Service 2000, p. 443; White 2001, p. 172; Read 2005, p. 258. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

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Fischer 1964, p. 578; Rice 1990, p. 189. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 578. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, pp. 638–639; Shub 1966, p. 433; Lewin 1969, pp. 73–75; Volkogonov 1994, p. 417; Service 2000, p. 464; White 2001, pp. 173–174. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Lewin, Moshe (1969). Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber & Faber. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 647; Shub 1966, pp. 434–435; Rice 1990, p. 192; Volkogonov 1994, p. 273; Service 2000, p. 469; White 2001, pp. 174–175; Read 2005, pp. 278–279. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 640; Shub 1966, pp. 434–435; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 249, 418; Service 2000, p. 465; White 2001, p. 174. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 666–667, 669; Lewin 1969, pp. 120–121; Service 2000, p. 468; Read 2005, p. 273. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Lewin, Moshe (1969). Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber & Faber. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 650–654; Service 2000, p. 470. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Shub 1966, pp. 426, 434; Lewin 1969, pp. 34–35. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Lewin, Moshe (1969). Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber & Faber.

Fischer 1964, p. 635; Lewin 1969, pp. 35–40; Service 2000, pp. 451–452; White 2001, p. 173. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Lewin, Moshe (1969). Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber & Faber. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 637–638, 669; Shub 1966, pp. 435–436; Lewin 1969, pp. 71, 85, 101; Volkogonov 1994, pp. 273–274, 422–423; Service 2000, pp. 463, 472–473; White 2001, pp. 173, 176; Read 2005, p. 279. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Lewin, Moshe (1969). Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber & Faber. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, pp. 607–608; Lewin 1969, pp. 43–49; Rice 1990, pp. 190–191; Volkogonov 1994, p. 421; Service 2000, pp. 452, 453–455; White 2001, pp. 175–176. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Lewin, Moshe (1969). Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber & Faber. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 608; Lewin 1969, p. 50; Leggett 1981, p. 354; Volkogonov 1994, p. 421; Service 2000, p. 455; White 2001, p. 175. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Lewin, Moshe (1969). Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber & Faber. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822552-2. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Rigby 1979, p. 221. Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22281-5.

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Fischer 1964, pp. 673–674; Shub 1966, p. 438; Rice 1990, p. 194; Volkogonov 1994, p. 435; Service 2000, pp. 478–479; White 2001, p. 176; Read 2005, p. 269. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 674; Shub 1966, p. 439; Rice 1990, pp. 7–8; Service 2000, p. 479. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

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Fischer 1964, pp. 625–626; Volkogonov 1994, p. 446. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Fischer 1964, p. 150. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Shub 1966, p. 432. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, p. 213. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Shub 1966, p. 443. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, p. 310; Shub 1966, p. 442. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, p. 54; Shub 1966, p. 423; Pipes 1990, p. 352. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

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Fischer 1964, p. 87; Montefiore 2007, p. 266. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2007). Young Stalin. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85068-7.

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Fischer 1964, pp. 47, 148. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Pipes 1990, pp. 348, 351. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 57. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 44; Service 2000, p. 81. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, p. 409. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, pp. 40–41; Volkogonov 1994, p. 373; Service 2000, p. 149. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Fischer 1964, pp. 21–22. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 67; Pipes 1990, p. 353; Read 2005, pp. 207, 212. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Pipes 1990, p. 353. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8.

Fischer 1964, p. 69. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 59. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 45; Pipes 1990, p. 350; Volkogonov 1994, p. 182; Service 2000, p. 177; Read 2005, p. 208; Ryan 2012, p. 6. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.

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Fischer 1964, pp. 489, 491; Shub 1966, pp. 420–421; Sandle 1999, p. 125; Read 2005, p. 237. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Fischer 1964, p. 79; Read 2005, p. 237. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

Shub 1966, p. 424; Service 2000, p. 213; Rappaport 2010, p. 38. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.

Fischer 1964, p. 515; Volkogonov 1994, p. 246. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.

Fischer 1964, p. 56; Rice 1990, p. 106; Service 2000, p. 160. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

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Shub 1966, p. 423. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

Fischer 1964, p. 367. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Fischer 1964, p. 368. Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

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Ryan 2012, p. 3; Budgen, Kouvelakis & Žižek 2007, pp. 1–4. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1. Budgen, Sebastian; Kouvelakis, Stathis; Žižek, Slavoj (2007). Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3941-0.

Pipes 1990, p. 814; Service 2000, p. 485; White 2001, p. 185; Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, p. 114; Read 2005, p. 284. Pipes, Richard (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-679-73660-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.

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Shub 1966, p. 10. Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (Rev. ed.). London: Pelican.

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Sandle 1999, p. 120. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, p. 151; Service 2000, p. 422; White 2001, p. 171. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Volkogonov 1994, p. 435; Lerner, Finkelstein & Witztum 2004, p. 372. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6. Lerner, Vladimir; Finkelstein, Y.; Witztum, E. (2004). "The Enigma of Lenin's (1870–1924) Malady". European Journal of Neurology. 11 (6): 371–376. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00839.x. PMID 15171732. S2CID 14966309.

History, April 2009. Thatcher, Ian D. (April 2009). "Trotskii and Lenin's Funeral, 27 January 1924: A Brief Note". History. 94 (2): 194–202. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2009.00451.x. JSTOR 24428587.

Sandle 1999, p. 35; Service 2000, p. 237. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.

Sandle 1999, p. 41. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, p. 35. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, pp. 42–43. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, p. 38. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, pp. 43–44, 63. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, p. 36. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, p. 29; White 2001, p. 1. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Sandle 1999, p. 57; White 2001, p. 151. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.

Sandle 1999, p. 34. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Sandle 1999, pp. 36–37. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-85728-355-6.

Page 1948, p. 17; Page 1950, p. 354. Page, Stanley W. (1948). "Lenin, the National Question and the Baltic States, 1917–19". The American Slavic and East European Review. 7 (1): 15–31. doi:10.2307/2492116. JSTOR 2492116. Page, Stanley W. (1950). "Lenin and Self-Determination". The Slavonic and East European Review. 28 (71): 342–358. JSTOR 4204138.

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Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, pp. 66–67. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80.

Rice 1990, p. 18; Service 2000, p. 26; White 2001, p. 20; Read 2005, p. 7; Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, p. 64. Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5. Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80.

Page 1950, p. 355. Page, Stanley W. (1950). "Lenin and Self-Determination". The Slavonic and East European Review. 28 (71): 342–358. JSTOR 4204138.

Page 1950, p. 342. Page, Stanley W. (1950). "Lenin and Self-Determination". The Slavonic and East European Review. 28 (71): 342–358. JSTOR 4204138.

Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, p. 93. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80.

Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, p. 67. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80.

Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, p. 99; Lih 2011, p. 20. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80. Lih, Lars T. (2011). Lenin. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-793-0.

Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, p. 108. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80.

Petrovsky-Shtern 2010, pp. 134, 159–161. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (2010). Lenin's Jewish Question. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15210-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npd80.

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