Vocoder (English Wikipedia)

"The 'Voder' & 'Vocoder' Homer Dudley, USA, 1940". 120 Years of Electronic Music (120years.net). 2013-09-21. The Vocoder (Voice Operated reCorDER) and Voder (Voice Operation DEmonstratoR) developed by the research physicist Homer Dudley, ... The Voder was first unveiled in 1939 at the New York World Fair (where it was demonstrated at hourly intervals) and later in 1940 in San Francisco. There were twenty trained operators known as the 'girls' who handled the machine much like a musical instrument such as a piano or an organ, ... This was done by manipulating fourteen keys with the fingers, a bar with the left wrist and a foot pedal with the right foot.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Dudley, Homer (October 1940). "The Carrier Nature of Speech". Bell System Technical Journal. XIX (4).

bbn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Noise Rubust Vocoders". Raytheon BBN Technologies. Archived from the original on 2014-04-02.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Holmes, Thom (2012). "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture (4th ed.). Routledge. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-1-136-46895-7. (See also excerpt of pp. 157–160 from the 3rd edition in 2008 (ISBN 978-0-415-95781-6))

brucehaack.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bruce Haack's Biography 1965–1974". Bruce Haack Publishing. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2013-05-03.

cmlmicro.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"RALCWI Vocoder IC's". CML Microcircuits. CML Microsystems Plc. Archived from the original on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2013-05-17.

compandent.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"MELPe – FAQ". Compandent Inc.

cryptomuseum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"HY-2". Cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
"KY-9". Cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-07-31.

deutsches-museum.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Das Siemens-Studio für elektronische Musik von Alexander Schaaf und Helmut Klein" (in German). Deutsches Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-09-30.

discogs.com (Global: 73^rd place; English: 103^rd place)

Freak-A-Zoid Retrieved 2026-04-21

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Mills, Mara (2012). "Media and Prosthesis: the Vocoder, the Artificial Larynx, and the History of Signal Processing". Qui Parle. 21 (1): 107–149. doi:10.5250/quiparle.21.1.0107. S2CID 143012886.
Cummiskey, P.; Jayant, Nikil S.; Flanagan, James L. (1973). "Adaptive quantization in differential PCM coding of speech". The Bell System Technical Journal. 52 (7): 1105–1118. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1973.tb02007.x.
Aguiar, Daniel E.; Taylor, N. Ellen; Li, Jing; Gazanfari, Daniel K.; Talavage, Thomas M.; Laflen, J. Brandon; Neuberger, Heidi; Svirsky, Mario A. (2016-03-01). "Information theoretic evaluation of a noiseband-based cochlear implant simulator". Hearing Research. 333: 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.008. ISSN 0378-5955. PMC 4798893.
Kleijn, W.B.; Haagen, J. (1995). "A speech coder based on decomposition of characteristic waveforms". 1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol. 1. (AT&T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ). pp. 508–511. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1995.479640. ISBN 978-0-7803-2431-2. S2CID 9105323.
Kleijn, W.B.; Shoham, Y.; Sen, D.; Hagen, R. (1996). "A low-complexity waveform interpolation coder". 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Conference Proceedings. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol. 1. (AT&T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ). pp. 212–215. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1996.540328. ISBN 978-0-7803-3192-1. S2CID 44346744.
Gottesman, O.; Gersho, A. (2001). "Enhanced waveform interpolative coding at low bit-rate". IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing. 9 (November 2001). (Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA): 786–798. doi:10.1109/89.966082. S2CID 17949435.

dspini.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"SPR Vocoders". DSP Innovations Inc. Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
"TWELP Vocoder". DSP Innovations Inc.

dvsinc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"IMBE and AMBE". Digital Voice Systems, Inc. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2008-11-08.

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

US application 2151091, Dudley, Homer W., "Signal Transmission]", published May 21, 1939, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (filed October 30, 1935)
US application 2098956, Dudley, Homer W., "Signaling system", published 1937-11-16, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
US application 2121142, Dudley, Homer, "Signal Transmission", published 1938-06-21, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

muse.jhu.edu

Mills, Mara (2012). "Media and Prosthesis: the Vocoder, the Artificial Larynx, and the History of Signal Processing". Qui Parle. 21 (1): 107–149. doi:10.5250/quiparle.21.1.0107. S2CID 143012886.

jproc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"HY-2 Vocoder". Crypto Machines.

lefigaro.fr (Global: 116^th place; English: 637^th place)

"Daft Punk: "La musique actuelle manque d'ambition"" (interview). Le Figaro. May 3, 2013.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Aguiar, Daniel E.; Taylor, N. Ellen; Li, Jing; Gazanfari, Daniel K.; Talavage, Thomas M.; Laflen, J. Brandon; Neuberger, Heidi; Svirsky, Mario A. (2016-03-01). "Information theoretic evaluation of a noiseband-based cochlear implant simulator". Hearing Research. 333: 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.008. ISSN 0378-5955. PMC 4798893.

nsa.gov (Global: 7,332^nd place; English: 4,773^rd place)

"Campbell.qxd" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-07-31.

patents.google.com (Global: 1,154^th place; English: 606^th place)

US 135416A, "System for the artificial production of vocal or other sounds", issued 1937-04-07

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Aguiar, Daniel E.; Taylor, N. Ellen; Li, Jing; Gazanfari, Daniel K.; Talavage, Thomas M.; Laflen, J. Brandon; Neuberger, Heidi; Svirsky, Mario A. (2016-03-01). "Information theoretic evaluation of a noiseband-based cochlear implant simulator". Hearing Research. 333: 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.008. ISSN 0378-5955. PMC 4798893.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Mills, Mara (2012). "Media and Prosthesis: the Vocoder, the Artificial Larynx, and the History of Signal Processing". Qui Parle. 21 (1): 107–149. doi:10.5250/quiparle.21.1.0107. S2CID 143012886.
Gupta, Shipra (May 2016). "Application of MFCC in Text Independent Speaker Recognition" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. 6 (5): 805–810 (806). ISSN 2277-128X. S2CID 212485331. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2019. LPC methods are the most widely used in speech coding
Kleijn, W.B.; Haagen, J. (1995). "A speech coder based on decomposition of characteristic waveforms". 1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol. 1. (AT&T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ). pp. 508–511. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1995.479640. ISBN 978-0-7803-2431-2. S2CID 9105323.
Kleijn, W.B.; Shoham, Y.; Sen, D.; Hagen, R. (1996). "A low-complexity waveform interpolation coder". 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Conference Proceedings. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol. 1. (AT&T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ). pp. 212–215. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1996.540328. ISBN 978-0-7803-3192-1. S2CID 44346744.
Gottesman, O.; Gersho, A. (2001). "Enhanced waveform interpolative coding at low bit-rate". IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing. 9 (November 2001). (Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA): 786–798. doi:10.1109/89.966082. S2CID 17949435.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Gupta, Shipra (May 2016). "Application of MFCC in Text Independent Speaker Recognition" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. 6 (5): 805–810 (806). ISSN 2277-128X. S2CID 212485331. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2019. LPC methods are the most widely used in speech coding

squarespace.com (Global: 2,432^nd place; English: 1,344^th place)

static1.squarespace.com

Holmes, Thom (2012). "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture (4th ed.). Routledge. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-1-136-46895-7. (See also excerpt of pp. 157–160 from the 3rd edition in 2008 (ISBN 978-0-415-95781-6))

stonesthrow.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

BRUCE HAACK – FARAD: THE ELECTRIC VOICE (Media notes). Bruce Haack. Stones Throw Records LLC. 2010.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)

tu-berlin.de (Global: 8,273^rd place; English: low place)

kgw.tu-berlin.de

Diesterhöft, Sonja (2003), "Meyer-Eppler und der Vocoder", Seminars Klanganalyse und -synthese (in German), Fachgebiet Kommunikationswissenschaft, Institut für Sprache und Kommunikation, Technische Universität Berlin, archived from the original on 2008-03-05

vasulka.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bode, Harald (October 1984). "History of Electronic Sound Modification" (PDF). Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 32 (10): 730–739.

voiceage.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Voice Age" (licensing). VoiceAge Corporation.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"The Voder (1939)". Talking Heads: Simulacra. Haskins Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-27. Based on James L. Flanagan (1965). "Speech Synthesis". Speech Analysis, Synthesis and Perception. Springer-Verlag. pp. 172–173. (See schematic diagram of the Voder synthesizer Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.)
Gupta, Shipra (May 2016). "Application of MFCC in Text Independent Speaker Recognition" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. 6 (5): 805–810 (806). ISSN 2277-128X. S2CID 212485331. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2019. LPC methods are the most widely used in speech coding
"IMBE and AMBE". Digital Voice Systems, Inc. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
"SPR Vocoders". DSP Innovations Inc. Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
"RALCWI Vocoder IC's". CML Microcircuits. CML Microsystems Plc. Archived from the original on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
"Noise Rubust Vocoders". Raytheon BBN Technologies. Archived from the original on 2014-04-02.
Diesterhöft, Sonja (2003), "Meyer-Eppler und der Vocoder", Seminars Klanganalyse und -synthese (in German), Fachgebiet Kommunikationswissenschaft, Institut für Sprache und Kommunikation, Technische Universität Berlin, archived from the original on 2008-03-05
"Das Siemens-Studio für elektronische Musik von Alexander Schaaf und Helmut Klein" (in German). Deutsches Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-09-30.
"Bruce Haack's Biography 1965–1974". Bruce Haack Publishing. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2013-05-03.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Gupta, Shipra (May 2016). "Application of MFCC in Text Independent Speaker Recognition" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. 6 (5): 805–810 (806). ISSN 2277-128X. S2CID 212485331. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2019. LPC methods are the most widely used in speech coding
Aguiar, Daniel E.; Taylor, N. Ellen; Li, Jing; Gazanfari, Daniel K.; Talavage, Thomas M.; Laflen, J. Brandon; Neuberger, Heidi; Svirsky, Mario A. (2016-03-01). "Information theoretic evaluation of a noiseband-based cochlear implant simulator". Hearing Research. 333: 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.008. ISSN 0378-5955. PMC 4798893.

yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)

haskins.yale.edu

"The Voder (1939)". Talking Heads: Simulacra. Haskins Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-27. Based on James L. Flanagan (1965). "Speech Synthesis". Speech Analysis, Synthesis and Perception. Springer-Verlag. pp. 172–173. (See schematic diagram of the Voder synthesizer Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)

One Of The First Vocoder Machine [sic] (Motion picture). c. 1939. A demonstration of the voder (not the vocoder).
Siemens Electronic Music Studio in Deutsches Museum (multi part) (Video). Details of the Siemens Electronic Music Studio, exhibited at the Deutsches Museum.
Bruce Haack (1970). Electric to Me Turn – from "The Electric Lucifer" (Phonograph). Columbia Records. A sample of an earlier Vocoder.
T-Pain (2005). I'm Sprung (CD Single/Download). Jive Records. (A sample of Auto-Tune effect (a.k.a. T-Pain effect).)
Earlier Computer Speech Synthesis (Audio). AT&T Bell Labs. c. 1961. (A sample of earlier computer-based speech synthesis and song synthesis, by John Larry Kelly, Jr. and Louis Gerstman at Bell Labs, using IBM 704 computer. The demo song "Daisy Bell", musical accompanied by Max Mathews, impressed Arthur C. Clarke and later he used it in the climactic scene of the screenplay for his novel 2001: A Space Odyssey.)
TI Speak & Spell (Video). Texas Instruments. c. 1980. A sample of speech synthesis.

Vocoder (English Wikipedia)

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