Voltaire (English Wikipedia)

Bernd Krysmanski, "Evidence for the homosexuality and the anal erotic desires of the Prussian king" in Does Hogarth depict Old Fritz truthfully with a crooked beak?: the pictures familiar to us from Pesne to Menzel don't show this, ART-Dok (Heidelberg University: arthistoricum.net, 2022), pp. 27–28. doi:10.11588/artdok.00008019.
Sakmann, Paul (1971). "The Problems of Historical Method and of Philosophy of History in Voltaire". History and Theory. 11 (4): 24–59. doi:10.2307/2504245. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2504245.
Gay, Peter (1957). "Carl Becker's Heavenly City". Political Science Quarterly. 72 (2): 182–99. doi:10.2307/2145772. JSTOR 2145772.
Brumfitt, J. H. (1965). "The Present State of Voltaire Studies". Forum for Modern Language Studies. I (3). Court of the University of St Andrews: 230. doi:10.1093/fmls/I.3.230.
Mungello, David E. (1971). "Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism". Philosophy East and West. 21 (1). University of Hawaii Press: 3–22. doi:10.2307/1397760. JSTOR 1397760.
Rowbotham, Arnold H. (1932). "Voltaire, Sinophile". PMLA. 47 (4): 1050–1065. doi:10.2307/457929. JSTOR 457929.
Bailey, Paul (19 July 2002). "Voltaire and Confucius: French attitudes towards China in the early twentieth century". History of European Ideas. 14 (6): 817–37. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(92)90168-C.
Giovannetti-Singh, Gianamar (7 September 2022). "Racial Capitalism in Voltaire's Enlightenment". History Workshop Journal. 94 (84): 22–41. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbac025.
Liu, Wu-Chi (1953). "The Original Orphan of China". Comparative Literature. 5 (3): 206–07. doi:10.2307/1768912. JSTOR 1768912.
Barber, Giles (2004). "Besterman, Theodore Deodatus Nathaniel (1904–1976)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37189. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)

e-enlightenment.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

– "Voltaire to Jean Baptiste Rousseau, c. 1 March 1719". Electronic Enlightenment. Ed. Robert McNamee et al. Vers. 2.1. University of Oxford. 2010. Web. 20 June 2010.

familysecuritymatters.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Young, Adrian (19 July 2010). "When Franklin Met Voltaire". Family Security Matters. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Davidson, Ian (9 April 2010). "Voltaire in England". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.

hanover.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

history.hanover.edu

"Democracy". The Philosophical Dictionary. Knopf. 1924. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
"Democracy". The Philosophical Dictionary. Knopf. 1924. Retrieved 1 July 2008.

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babel.hathitrust.org

Chatterjee, Ramananda, ed. (1922). "Review and Notices of Books: Hindu Culture". The Modern Review. 32: 183. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024.

history-biography.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Voltaire". History and biography. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.

infoplease.com (Global: 3,121^st place; English: 3,035^th place)

"Catherine II: | Infoplease". Infoplease.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Sakmann, Paul (1971). "The Problems of Historical Method and of Philosophy of History in Voltaire". History and Theory. 11 (4): 24–59. doi:10.2307/2504245. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2504245.
Gay, Peter (1957). "Carl Becker's Heavenly City". Political Science Quarterly. 72 (2): 182–99. doi:10.2307/2145772. JSTOR 2145772.
Elmarsafy, Ziad (2010). "The Enlightenment Qur'an: The Politics of Translation and the Construction of Islam". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (3): 462–64. JSTOR 23044965.
Mungello, David E. (1971). "Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism". Philosophy East and West. 21 (1). University of Hawaii Press: 3–22. doi:10.2307/1397760. JSTOR 1397760.
Rowbotham, Arnold H. (1932). "Voltaire, Sinophile". PMLA. 47 (4): 1050–1065. doi:10.2307/457929. JSTOR 457929.
Liu, Wu-Chi (1953). "The Original Orphan of China". Comparative Literature. 5 (3): 206–07. doi:10.2307/1768912. JSTOR 1768912.

lexico.com (Global: 2,946^th place; English: 2,042^nd place)

"Voltaire". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.

litwinbooks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ruthven, Malise. "Voltaire's Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet:A New Translation; Preface: Voltaire and Islam". Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Malise Ruthven (26 November 2018). "Voltaire's Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet: A New Translation". As Voltaire's knowledge of Islam deepened, he clearly became better disposed towards the faith.

londonguidedwalks.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"London Guided Walks podcast 81 Voltaire in London". Retrieved 19 July 2025.

marxists.org (Global: 952^nd place; English: 914^th place)

Belinsky, Vissarion Grigoryevich (2001) [1948]. Selected Philosophical Works. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-0-89875-654-8. Retrieved 3 November 2018.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Voltaire". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

natlib.govt.nz (Global: 785^th place; English: 374^th place)

paperspast.natlib.govt.nz

Ashburton Guardian: "A Protest", 21 October 1889

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

Schiff, Stacy (13 January 2011). "'Voltaire In Love': An Ardent, Intellectual Affair". npr books. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Johnson, Michael (23 January 2010). "Voltaire the Survivor". The International Herald Tribune. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 May 2016.

ox.ac.uk (Global: 541^st place; English: 356^th place)

voltaire.ox.ac.uk

Mason, Haydn. "A history of the Voltaire Foundation" (PDF). Voltaire Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
Julia, Aurélie (October 2011). "Voltaire à Oxford, The Voltaire Foundation". Revue des Deux Mondes (in French). Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2016. English translation at Aurélie Julia. "Voltaire in Oxford" (PDF). The Voltaire Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
The Complete Works of Voltaire are complete at voltaire.ox.ac.uk

oxforddnb.com (Global: 179^th place; English: 104^th place)

Barber, Giles (2004). "Besterman, Theodore Deodatus Nathaniel (1904–1976)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37189. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)

reference.com (Global: 1,491^st place; English: 1,468^th place)

dictionary.reference.com

"Voltaire". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

revuedesdeuxmondes.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

rddm.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr

Julia, Aurélie (October 2011). "Voltaire à Oxford, The Voltaire Foundation". Revue des Deux Mondes (in French). Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2016. English translation at Aurélie Julia. "Voltaire in Oxford" (PDF). The Voltaire Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.

sci.fi (Global: 9,090^th place; English: 7,864^th place)

kirjasto.sci.fi

Liukkonen, Petri. "Voltaire". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015.

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

plato.stanford.edu

Shank, J.B. (2009). "Voltaire". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

Davidson, Ian (9 April 2010). "Voltaire in England". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.

thegreatdebate.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Life of Voltaire". Thegreatdebate.org.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2009.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

"Meaty arguments". The Guardian. 21 August 2006.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

humanities.uchicago.edu

"Letter on the subject of Candide, to the Journal encyclopédique July 15, 1759". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2008.

visitvoltaire.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet". Château de Cirey – Residence of Voltaire. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

voltaire-integral.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Voltaire, Essais sur les Mœurs, 1756, Chap. VI. – De l'Arabie et de Mahomet Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Voltaire, Essais sur les Mœurs, 1756, Chap. VII. – De l'Alcoran, et de la loi musulmane. Examen si la religion musulmane était nouvelle, et si elle a été persécutante Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Avez-vous oublié que ce poète était astronome, et qu'il réforma le calendrier des Arabes ?, Lettre civile et honnête à l'auteur malhonnête de la "Critique de l'histoire universelle de M. de Voltaire" (1760), dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Voltaire. Moland, 1875, Vol. 24, p. 164. Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Ce fut certainement un très grand homme, et qui forma de grands hommes. Il fallait qu'il fût martyr ou conquérant, il n'y avait pas de milieu. Il vainquit toujours, et toutes ses victoires furent remportées par le petit nombre sur le grand. Conquérant, législateur, monarque et pontife, il joua le plus grand rôle qu'on puisse jouer sur la terre aux yeux du commun des hommes; mais les sages lui préféreront toujours Confutzée, précisément parce qu'il ne fut rien de tout cela, et qu'il se contenta d'enseigner la morale la plus pure à une nation plus ancienne, plus nombreuse, et plus policée que la nation arabe., Remarques pour servir de supplément à l'Essai sur les Mœurs (1763), dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Voltaire. Moland, 1875, Vol. 24, Chap. IX – De Mahomet, p. 590. Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Voltaire". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
owen.pham (20 August 2021). "The Voltaire–Rousseau Debate and Their Views on Evil". Wondrium Daily. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
Liukkonen, Petri. "Voltaire". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015.
"Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet". Château de Cirey – Residence of Voltaire. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
"I did not know that: Mason Facts". Archived from the original on 12 January 2007.
Young, Adrian (19 July 2010). "When Franklin Met Voltaire". Family Security Matters. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
"Voltaire". Deism.com. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
Voltaire (1763) A Treatise on Toleration
Voltaire, Essais sur les Mœurs, 1756, Chap. VI. – De l'Arabie et de Mahomet Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Voltaire, Essais sur les Mœurs, 1756, Chap. VII. – De l'Alcoran, et de la loi musulmane. Examen si la religion musulmane était nouvelle, et si elle a été persécutante Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Avez-vous oublié que ce poète était astronome, et qu'il réforma le calendrier des Arabes ?, Lettre civile et honnête à l'auteur malhonnête de la "Critique de l'histoire universelle de M. de Voltaire" (1760), dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Voltaire. Moland, 1875, Vol. 24, p. 164. Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Ce fut certainement un très grand homme, et qui forma de grands hommes. Il fallait qu'il fût martyr ou conquérant, il n'y avait pas de milieu. Il vainquit toujours, et toutes ses victoires furent remportées par le petit nombre sur le grand. Conquérant, législateur, monarque et pontife, il joua le plus grand rôle qu'on puisse jouer sur la terre aux yeux du commun des hommes; mais les sages lui préféreront toujours Confutzée, précisément parce qu'il ne fut rien de tout cela, et qu'il se contenta d'enseigner la morale la plus pure à une nation plus ancienne, plus nombreuse, et plus policée que la nation arabe., Remarques pour servir de supplément à l'Essai sur les Mœurs (1763), dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Voltaire. Moland, 1875, Vol. 24, Chap. IX – De Mahomet, p. 590. Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Muhammad. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016.
Figueira, Dorothy M. (2012). Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority through Myths of Identity. State University of New York Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-7914-8783-9. Archived from the original on 19 October 2025.
Voltaire (15 December 1775). Lettres sur l'origine des sciences et sur celle des peuples de l'Asie (first published Paris, 1777). Archived from the original on 28 July 2026.
App, Urs (2011). The Birth of Orientalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8122-0005-8. Archived from the original on 27 October 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
"Letter on the subject of Candide, to the Journal encyclopédique July 15, 1759". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
Mason, Haydn. "A history of the Voltaire Foundation" (PDF). Voltaire Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
Julia, Aurélie (October 2011). "Voltaire à Oxford, The Voltaire Foundation". Revue des Deux Mondes (in French). Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2016. English translation at Aurélie Julia. "Voltaire in Oxford" (PDF). The Voltaire Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.

wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org (Global: 524^th place; English: 218^th place)

Barber, Giles (2004). "Besterman, Theodore Deodatus Nathaniel (1904–1976)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37189. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)

wondriumdaily.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

owen.pham (20 August 2021). "The Voltaire–Rousseau Debate and Their Views on Evil". Wondrium Daily. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

"Voltaire". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
Boswell, James (1953). Pottle, Frederick A. (ed.). Boswell on the grand tour : Germany and Switzerland, 1764. Yale editions of the private papers of James Boswell. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 279–81, 293–94, 298–301, 303–04. OCLC 868987. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
Sakmann, Paul (1971). "The Problems of Historical Method and of Philosophy of History in Voltaire". History and Theory. 11 (4): 24–59. doi:10.2307/2504245. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2504245.
Durant, Will; Ariel Durant (1967). Rousseau and revolution : a history of civilization in France, England, and Germany from 1756, and in the remainder of Europe from 1715 to 1789. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-671-63058-4. OCLC 4751149.

Voltaire (English Wikipedia)

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