Wild horse (English Wikipedia)

Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 630–631. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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cabi.org

"Equus caballus [ISC] (horse)". www.cabi.org.

cambridge.org

Ji, Shengnan; Zhu, Yanpeng; Cui, Shaopeng; Deng, Huaiqing; Li, Chunwang (September 2022). "The road home for Przewalski's horse in China". Oryx. 56 (5): 652. doi:10.1017/S0030605322000758. ISSN 0030-6053.
McNabb, John (June 2000). "Boxgrove". Antiquity. 74 (284): 439–441. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00059548. ISSN 0003-598X.

cbe-pan.pl

pol.j.ecol.cbe-pan.pl

Kateryna Slivinska; Grzegorz Kopij (2011). "Diet of the Przewalski's horse Equus przewalskii in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone" (PDF). Polish Journal of Ecology. 59 (4): 841–847. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.

cnn.com

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cumberlandisland.com

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doi.org

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Cirilli, Omar; Machado, Helena; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Barrón-Ortiz, Christina I.; Davis, Edward; Jass, Christopher N.; Jukar, Advait M.; Landry, Zoe; Marín-Leyva, Alejandro H.; Pandolfi, Luca; Pushkina, Diana; Rook, Lorenzo; Saarinen, Juha; Scott, Eric; Semprebon, Gina (24 August 2022). "Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene". Biology. 11 (9): 1258. doi:10.3390/biology11091258. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 9495906. PMID 36138737.
Ji, Shengnan; Zhu, Yanpeng; Cui, Shaopeng; Deng, Huaiqing; Li, Chunwang (September 2022). "The road home for Przewalski's horse in China". Oryx. 56 (5): 652. doi:10.1017/S0030605322000758. ISSN 0030-6053.
Kaczensky, Petra; Burnik Šturm, Martina; Sablin, Mikhail V.; Voigt, Christian C.; Smith, Steve; Ganbaatar, Oyunsaikhan; Balint, Boglarka; Walzer, Chris; Spasskaya, Natalia N. (20 July 2017). "Stable isotopes reveal diet shift from pre-extinction to reintroduced Przewalski's horses". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5950K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05329-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5519547. PMID 28729625.
Tatin, L.; King, S. R. B.; Munkhtuya, B.; Hewison, A. J. M.; Feh, C. (February 2009). "Demography of a socially natural herd of Przewalski's horses: an example of a small, closed population". Journal of Zoology. 277 (2): 134–140. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00520.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
Bernátková, Anna; Ceacero, Francisco; Oyunsaikhan, Ganbaatar; Sukhbaatar, Dalaitseren; Šimek, Jaroslav; Komárková, Martina (June 2023). "Novel observation of play behaviour between a harem holder and a bachelor group of Przewalski's horses in the wild". Acta Ethologica. 26 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1007/s10211-023-00421-9. ISSN 0873-9749.
Bourjade, M.; Tatin, L.; King, S.R.B.; Feh, C. (January 2009). "Early reproductive success, preceding bachelor ranks and their behavioural correlates in young Przewalski's stallions". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 21 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:2009EtEcE..21....1B. doi:10.1080/08927014.2009.9522507. ISSN 0394-9370.
Rödel, Heiko G.; Ibler, Benjamin; Ozogány, Katalin; Kerekes, Viola (December 2023). "Age-specific effects of density and weather on body condition and birth rates in a large herbivore, the Przewalski's horse". Oecologia. 203 (3–4): 435–451. Bibcode:2023Oecol.203..435R. doi:10.1007/s00442-023-05477-9. ISSN 0029-8549. PMC 10684615. PMID 37971561.
Chen, Jinliang; Weng, Qiang; Chao, Jie; Hu, Defu; Taya, Kazuyoshi (2008). "Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses (Equus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China". Journal of Equine Science. 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1294/jes.19.1. ISSN 1340-3516. PMC 4019202. PMID 24833949.
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Diedrich, Cajus G. (15 June 2010). "Specialized horse killers in Europe: Foetal horse remains in the Late Pleistocene Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave hyena den in the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic) and actualistic comparisons to modern African spotted hyenas as zebra hunters". Quaternary International. 220 (1–2): 174–187. Bibcode:2010QuInt.220..174D. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.023.
Boulbes, Nicolas; van Asperen, Eline N. (2019). "Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7: 301. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00301. ISSN 2296-701X.
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Vershinina, Alisa O.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Froese, Duane G.; Zazula, Grant; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly; Dalén, Love; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Dunn, Shelby G.; Ermini, Luca; Gamba, Cristina; Groves, Pamela; Kapp, Joshua D.; Mann, Daniel H.; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Southon, John (December 2021). "Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge". Molecular Ecology. 30 (23): 6144–6161. Bibcode:2021MolEc..30.6144V. doi:10.1111/mec.15977. hdl:10037/24463. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 33971056.
Boulbes, Nicolas; van Asperen, Eline N. (10 September 2019). "Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00301. ISSN 2296-701X.
Barrón-Ortiz, Christina I.; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Jass, Christopher N.; Bravo-Cuevas, Víctor M.; Machado, Helena; Mothé, Dimila (12 September 2019). "What Is Equus? Reconciling Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Analyses". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7: 343. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00343. ISSN 2296-701X.
Der Sarkissian, Clio; Ermini, Luca; Schubert, Mikkel; Yang, Melinda A.; Librado, Pablo; Fumagalli, Matteo; Jónsson, Hákon; Bar-Gal, Gila Kahila; Albrechtsen, Anders; Vieira, Filipe G.; Petersen, Bent; Ginolhac, Aurélien; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Magnussen, Kim; Fages, Antoine; Gamba, Cristina; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Polani, Sagi; Steiner, Cynthia; Neuditschko, Markus; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Feh, Claudia; Greenblatt, Charles L.; Ludwig, Arne; Abramson, Natalia I.; Zimmermann, Waltraut; Schafberg, Renate; Tikhonov, Alexei; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Ryder, Oliver A.; McCue, Molly; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso; Slatkin, Montgomery; Orlando, Ludovic (October 2015). "Evolutionary Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski's Horse". Current Biology. 25 (19): 2577–2583. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2577D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032. hdl:10230/33065. PMC 5104162. PMID 26412128.
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Orlando, Ludovic; Male, Dean; Alberdi, Maria Teresa; Prado, Jose Luis; Prieto, Alfredo; Cooper, Alan; Hänni, Catherine (9 April 2008). "Ancient DNA Clarifies the Evolutionary History of American Late Pleistocene Equids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 66 (5): 533–538. Bibcode:2008JMolE..66..533O. doi:10.1007/s00239-008-9100-x. PMID 18398561. S2CID 19069554.
Cai, Dawei; Zhuowei Tang; Lu Han; Camilla F. Speller; Dongya Y. Yang; Xiaolin Ma; Jian'en Cao; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (3): 835–842. Bibcode:2009JArSc..36..835C. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006.
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Benirschke, Poliakoff K.; N. Malouf; R. J. Low; H. Heck (16 April 1965). "Chromosome Complement: Differences between Equus caballus and Equus przewalskii". Science. 148 (3668): 382–383. doi:10.1126/science.148.3668.382. PMID 14261533. S2CID 21562513.
Lau, Allison; Lei Peng; Hiroki Goto; Leona Chemnick; Oliver A. Ryder; Kateryna D. Makova (2009). "Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences". Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 (1): 199–208. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn239. PMID 18931383.
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Gentry, Anthea; Clutton-Brock, Juliet; Groves, Colin (May 2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivates (PDF Download Available)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 31: 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
Wallner, B.; Brem, G.; Müller, M.; Achmann, R. (2003). "Fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome indicate clear divergence between Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus" (PDF). Animal Genetics. 34 (6): 453–456. doi:10.1046/j.0268-9146.2003.01044.x. PMID 14687077. S2CID 11932020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2020.
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Outram, A.K.; Stear, N.A.; Bendrey, R.; Olsen, S.; Kasparov, A.; et al. (2009). "The earliest horse harnessing and milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–1335. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1332O. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719.
Outram, Alan K. (2023). "Horse domestication as a multi-centered, multi-stage process: Botai and the role of specialized Eneolithic horse pastoralism in the development of human-equine relationships". Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology. 2. doi:10.3389/fearc.2023.1134068. hdl:10871/133044.
Gaunitz, Charleen; Fages, Antoine; Hanghøj, Kristian; Albrechtsen, Anders; Khan, Naveed; Schubert, Mikkel; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Owens, Ivy J.; Felkel, Sabine; Bignon-Lau, Olivier; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; Mittnik, Alissa; Mohaseb, Azadeh F.; Davoudi, Hossein; Alquraishi, Saleh; Alfarhan, Ahmed H.; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.; Crubézy, Eric; Benecke, Norbert; Olsen, Sandra; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Massy, Ken; Pitulko, Vladimir; Kasparov, Aleksei; Brem, Gottfried; Hofreiter, Michael; Mukhtarova, Gulmira; Baimukhanov, Nurbol; Lõugas, Lembi; Onar, Vedat; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Krause, Johannes; Boldgiv, Bazartseren; Undrakhbold, Sainbileg; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Lepetz, Sébastien; Mashkour, Marjan; Ludwig, Arne; Wallner, Barbara; Merz, Victor; Merz, Ilja; Zaibert, Viktor; Willerslev, Eske; Librado, Pablo; Outram, Alan K.; Orlando, Ludovic (6 April 2018). "Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses". Science. 360 (6384): 111–114. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..111G. doi:10.1126/science.aao3297. hdl:10871/31710. PMID 29472442.
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McNabb, John (June 2000). "Boxgrove". Antiquity. 74 (284): 439–441. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00059548. ISSN 0003-598X.
Bello, Silvia M.; Parfitt, Simon A.; Stringer, Chris (September 2009). "Quantitative micromorphological analyses of cut marks produced by ancient and modern handaxes". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (9): 1869–1880. Bibcode:2009JArSc..36.1869B. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.014.
Smith, Geoff M. (October 2013). "Taphonomic resolution and hominin subsistence behaviour in the Lower Palaeolithic: differing data scales and interpretive frameworks at Boxgrove and Swanscombe (UK)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (10): 3754–3767. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.3754S. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.002.
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Li, Hao; Li, Zhan-yang; Lotter, Matt G.; Kuman, Kathleen (August 2018). "Formation processes at the early Late Pleistocene archaic human site of Lingjing, China". Journal of Archaeological Science. 96: 73–84. Bibcode:2018JArSc..96...73L. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.004. hdl:2263/65160.
Hoffecker, John F.; Holliday, Vance T.; Stepanchuk, V.N.; Lisitsyn, S.N. (October 2018). "The hunting of horse and the problem of the Aurignacian on the central plain of Eastern Europe". Quaternary International. 492: 53–63. Bibcode:2018QuInt.492...53H. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.044.
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Librado, Pablo; Khan, Naveed; Fages, Antoine; Kusliy, Mariya A.; Suchan, Tomasz; Tonasso-Calvière, Laure; Schiavinato, Stéphanie; Alioglu, Duha; Fromentier, Aurore; Perdereau, Aude; Aury, Jean-Marc; Gaunitz, Charleen; Chauvey, Lorelei; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Der Sarkissian, Clio (28 October 2021). "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes". Nature. 598 (7882): 634–640. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..634L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8550961. PMID 34671162.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Diedrich, Cajus G. (15 June 2010). "Specialized horse killers in Europe: Foetal horse remains in the Late Pleistocene Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave hyena den in the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic) and actualistic comparisons to modern African spotted hyenas as zebra hunters". Quaternary International. 220 (1–2): 174–187. Bibcode:2010QuInt.220..174D. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.023.
Bello, Silvia M.; Parfitt, Simon A.; Stringer, Chris (September 2009). "Quantitative micromorphological analyses of cut marks produced by ancient and modern handaxes". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (9): 1869–1880. Bibcode:2009JArSc..36.1869B. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.014.
Smith, Geoff M. (October 2013). "Taphonomic resolution and hominin subsistence behaviour in the Lower Palaeolithic: differing data scales and interpretive frameworks at Boxgrove and Swanscombe (UK)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (10): 3754–3767. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.3754S. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.002.
Schoch, Werner H.; Bigga, Gerlinde; Böhner, Utz; Richter, Pascale; Terberger, Thomas (December 2015). "New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of Schöningen". Journal of Human Evolution. 89: 214–225. Bibcode:2015JHumE..89..214S. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.004. PMID 26442632.
Li, Hao; Li, Zhan-yang; Lotter, Matt G.; Kuman, Kathleen (August 2018). "Formation processes at the early Late Pleistocene archaic human site of Lingjing, China". Journal of Archaeological Science. 96: 73–84. Bibcode:2018JArSc..96...73L. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.004. hdl:2263/65160.
Hoffecker, John F.; Holliday, Vance T.; Stepanchuk, V.N.; Lisitsyn, S.N. (October 2018). "The hunting of horse and the problem of the Aurignacian on the central plain of Eastern Europe". Quaternary International. 492: 53–63. Bibcode:2018QuInt.492...53H. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.044.

exeter.ac.uk

ore.exeter.ac.uk

"Rebuttal of Taylor and Barrón-Ortiz 2021 Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai" (PDF). Retrieved 26 April 2024.

fzs.org

"Przewalski's horses return to central Kazakhstan after nearly 200-year absence". Frankfurt Zoological Society. 6 June 2024.

google.com

Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 630–631. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Vershinina, Alisa O.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Froese, Duane G.; Zazula, Grant; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly; Dalén, Love; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Dunn, Shelby G.; Ermini, Luca; Gamba, Cristina; Groves, Pamela; Kapp, Joshua D.; Mann, Daniel H.; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Southon, John (December 2021). "Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge". Molecular Ecology. 30 (23): 6144–6161. Bibcode:2021MolEc..30.6144V. doi:10.1111/mec.15977. hdl:10037/24463. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 33971056.
Der Sarkissian, Clio; Ermini, Luca; Schubert, Mikkel; Yang, Melinda A.; Librado, Pablo; Fumagalli, Matteo; Jónsson, Hákon; Bar-Gal, Gila Kahila; Albrechtsen, Anders; Vieira, Filipe G.; Petersen, Bent; Ginolhac, Aurélien; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Magnussen, Kim; Fages, Antoine; Gamba, Cristina; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Polani, Sagi; Steiner, Cynthia; Neuditschko, Markus; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Feh, Claudia; Greenblatt, Charles L.; Ludwig, Arne; Abramson, Natalia I.; Zimmermann, Waltraut; Schafberg, Renate; Tikhonov, Alexei; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Ryder, Oliver A.; McCue, Molly; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso; Slatkin, Montgomery; Orlando, Ludovic (October 2015). "Evolutionary Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski's Horse". Current Biology. 25 (19): 2577–2583. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2577D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032. hdl:10230/33065. PMC 5104162. PMID 26412128.
Outram, Alan K. (2023). "Horse domestication as a multi-centered, multi-stage process: Botai and the role of specialized Eneolithic horse pastoralism in the development of human-equine relationships". Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology. 2. doi:10.3389/fearc.2023.1134068. hdl:10871/133044.
Gaunitz, Charleen; Fages, Antoine; Hanghøj, Kristian; Albrechtsen, Anders; Khan, Naveed; Schubert, Mikkel; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Owens, Ivy J.; Felkel, Sabine; Bignon-Lau, Olivier; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; Mittnik, Alissa; Mohaseb, Azadeh F.; Davoudi, Hossein; Alquraishi, Saleh; Alfarhan, Ahmed H.; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.; Crubézy, Eric; Benecke, Norbert; Olsen, Sandra; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Massy, Ken; Pitulko, Vladimir; Kasparov, Aleksei; Brem, Gottfried; Hofreiter, Michael; Mukhtarova, Gulmira; Baimukhanov, Nurbol; Lõugas, Lembi; Onar, Vedat; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Krause, Johannes; Boldgiv, Bazartseren; Undrakhbold, Sainbileg; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Lepetz, Sébastien; Mashkour, Marjan; Ludwig, Arne; Wallner, Barbara; Merz, Victor; Merz, Ilja; Zaibert, Viktor; Willerslev, Eske; Librado, Pablo; Outram, Alan K.; Orlando, Ludovic (6 April 2018). "Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses". Science. 360 (6384): 111–114. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..111G. doi:10.1126/science.aao3297. hdl:10871/31710. PMID 29472442.
Li, Hao; Li, Zhan-yang; Lotter, Matt G.; Kuman, Kathleen (August 2018). "Formation processes at the early Late Pleistocene archaic human site of Lingjing, China". Journal of Archaeological Science. 96: 73–84. Bibcode:2018JArSc..96...73L. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.004. hdl:2263/65160.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kaczensky, Petra; Burnik Šturm, Martina; Sablin, Mikhail V.; Voigt, Christian C.; Smith, Steve; Ganbaatar, Oyunsaikhan; Balint, Boglarka; Walzer, Chris; Spasskaya, Natalia N. (20 July 2017). "Stable isotopes reveal diet shift from pre-extinction to reintroduced Przewalski's horses". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5950K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05329-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5519547. PMID 28729625.
Bourjade, M.; Tatin, L.; King, S.R.B.; Feh, C. (January 2009). "Early reproductive success, preceding bachelor ranks and their behavioural correlates in young Przewalski's stallions". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 21 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:2009EtEcE..21....1B. doi:10.1080/08927014.2009.9522507. ISSN 0394-9370.
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