Woman (English Wikipedia)

Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (2002). "The Book of Genesis, Chapter II". The Woman's Bible: A Classic Feminist Perspective. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-486-42491-0. Next comes the naming of the mother of the race. "She shall be called Woman", in the ancient form of the word Womb-man. She was man and more than man because of her maternity. (Originally published in two volumes, 1895 and 1898, by The European Publishing Company.)
Kluge, Friedrich (1891). An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 384. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Translated by John Francis Davis, D.Litl, M.A.

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"Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (version 7)" (PDF). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health. p. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2014.

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"Marie Curie". AWIS. 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.

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In England and Wales, marital rape was made illegal in 1991. The views of Sir Matthew Hale, a 17th-century jurist, published in The History of the Pleas of the Crown (1736), stated that a husband cannot be guilty of the rape of his wife because the wife "hath given up herself in this kind to her husband, which she cannot retract"; in England and Wales this would remain law for more than 250 years, until it was abolished by the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, in the case of R v R in 1991.

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"Woman burned alive for 'sorcery' in Papua New Guinea". BBC News. 7 February 2013.
Fakim, Nora (9 August 2012). "BBC News – Morocco: Should pre-marital sex be legal?". BBC.

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"Turkey condemns 'honour killings'". BBC News. 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2025.

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Parashar, Amitabh (10 September 2024). "The midwives who stopped murdering girls and started saving them". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2026.

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"woman". Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2009. p. 1453. ISBN 978-0-323-06604-4.
Venes, Donald (2017). "woman". Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis. p. 2539. ISBN 978-0-8036-5940-7.
Ignatavicius, Donna D.; Workman, M. Linda (30 January 2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing – E-Book: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1450. ISBN 978-0-323-39269-3.
Sumerau, J. E. (30 January 2023). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Transgender Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 68. ISBN 979-8-8818-7980-8.
Manifestations of Venus: art and sexuality pg 93 By Katie Scott, Caroline Arscott pg 93-"...began its consideration of Venus by describing her as .... who presided over all feminine charms, for..."
The Pacific muse pg 49 By Patty O'Brien "The young beautiful Venus wringing water from her tresses was a configuration of exotic femininity that was…
Sigelman, Carol K.; Rider, Elizabeth A. (2017). Life-Span Human Development. Cengage Learning. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-337-51606-8. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
Maddux, James E.; Winstead, Barbara A. (2019). Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-64787-1. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
Shehan, Constance L. (2018). Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender. Gale, Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-5358-6117-5.
Lippa, Richard A. (2005). Gender, Nature, and Nurture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-60425-7.
Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. U of Minnesota Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4529-0003-2.
Wharton, Amy S. (2009). The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-4343-1.
Beidel, Deborah C; Frueh, B. Christopher; Hersen, Michel (30 June 2014). Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis (7th ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 618. ISBN 978-1-118-92791-5. OCLC 956674391. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Köllen, Thomas (25 April 2016). Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity. Springer. p. 138. ISBN 978-3-319-29623-4. OCLC 933722553. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001). Early dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-26011-4.^{[permanent dead link]}
Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004). Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: The ancient Near East. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004). Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: The ancient Near East. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
Michael Roaf (1992). Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East. Stonehenge Press. ISBN 978-0-86706-681-4. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
Adovasio, J.M.; Soffer, Olga; Page, Jake (2007). The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory. Smithsonian Books & Collins (Harper Collins Publishers) Smithsonian Books. pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0-06-117091-1.
Wierdsma Schik, P. (1857). "Akademisch proefschrift over de staatsregtelijke geschiedenis der Staten van Friesland van 1581 tot 1795". Google Books (in Dutch). W. Eekhoff. p. 18. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
Anne Cunningham (2018). The Most Influential Female Writers. Rosen Young Adult. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-5081-7966-5.

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For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission. In Iraq husbands have a legal right to "punish" their wives. The criminal code states at Paragraph 41 that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right; examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom"."The Penal Code – With Amendments" (PDF). Iraqi Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012. In the Democratic Republic of Congo the Family Code states that the husband is the head of the household; the wife owes her obedience to her husband; a wife has to live with her husband wherever he chooses to live; and wives must have their husbands' authorisation to bring a case in court or to initiate other legal proceedings.

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"Common Reproductive Health Concerns for Women". CDC. 15 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024.
"Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States". CDC/National Center for Health Statistics. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2011.

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"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2014.

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"Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery'". CNN.com. 14 December 2011.

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Sadeq, Kianne (16 May 2005). "Kuwait grants women right to vote". CNN. Retrieved 20 November 2025.

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"age of majority". LII / Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Poeschl, Gabrielle (7 June 2021). "A hundred years of debates on sex differences: Developing research for social change". Journal of Social and Political Psychology. 9 (1): 221–235. doi:10.5964/jspp.6399. hdl:10216/134531.
Haig, David (April 2004). "The inexorable rise of gender and the decline of sex: social change in academic titles, 1945-2001". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 33 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1023/b:aseb.0000014323.56281.0d. PMID 15146141.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences; Wizemann, Theresa M.; Pardue, Mary-Lou (2001). "Sex Begins in the Womb". Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health. National Academies Press (US). doi:10.17226/10028. ISBN 978-0-309-07281-6. PMID 25057540. All human individuals – whether they have an XX, an XY, or an atypical sex chromosome combination – begin development from the same starting point. During early development the gonads of the fetus remain undifferentiated; that is, all fetal genitalia are the same and are phenotypically female. After approximately 6 to 7 weeks of gestation, however, the expression of a gene on the Y chromosome induces changes that result in the development of the testes.
Kivisild, Toomas (2015). "Maternal ancestry and population history from whole mitochondrial genomes". Investigative Genetics. 6: 3. doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0022-2. PMC 4367903. PMID 25798216.
Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010). "Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth". BMC Public Health. 10 736. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736. PMC 3001737. PMID 21110899.
Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart". Pediatrics. 111 (4 Pt 1): 844–850. Bibcode:2003Pedia.111..844A. doi:10.1542/peds.111.4.844. PMID 12671122.
Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, Braat DD, Nap AW (2019). "The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life: a survey among 42,879 women". American Journal of Obstetric Gynecology. 220 (6): 569.e1–569.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.048. PMID 30885768.
Thakuri, Dipendra; Thapa, Rashan (1 September 2021). "A harmful religio-cultural practice (Chhaupadi) during menstruation among adolescent girls in Nepal: Prevalence and policies for eradication". PLOS ONE. 16 (9) e0256968. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1656968T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256968. PMC 8409632. PMID 34469491.
Takahashi TA, Johnson KM (May 2015). "Menopause". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 521–34. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006. PMID 25841598.
Buss, David M. (2019). "Evolved Standards of Physical Beauty". Evolutionary Psychology. pp. 283–288. doi:10.4324/9780429061417. ISBN 978-0-429-06141-7.
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Grau, M.; Cremer, J. M.; Schmeichel, S.; Kunkel, M.; Bloch, W. (2018). "Comparisons of Blood Parameters, Red Blood Cell Deformability and Circulating Nitric Oxide Between Males and Females Considering Hormonal Contraception: A Longitudinal Gender Study – PMC". Frontiers in Physiology. 9 1835. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01835. PMC 6305760. PMID 30618840.
Callens, N; Van Kuyk, M; van Kuppenveld, JH; Drop, SLS; Cohen-Kettenis, PT; Dessens, AB; Dutch Study Group on, DSD (November 2016). "Recalled and current gender role behavior, gender identity and sexual orientation in adults with Disorders/Differences of Sex Development". Hormones and Behavior. 86: 8–20. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.008. PMID 27576114.
Dreger, Alice D.; Herndon, April M. (2009). "Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement: Feminist Theory in Action". GLQ. 15 (2): 199–224. doi:10.1215/10642684-2008-134. Project MUSE 261479.
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Hines, Melissa; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Hughes, Ieuan A. (2003). "Psychological Outcomes and Gender-Related Development in Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32 (2): 93–101. doi:10.1023/A:1022492106974. PMID 12710824.
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Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
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For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission. In Iraq husbands have a legal right to "punish" their wives. The criminal code states at Paragraph 41 that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right; examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom"."The Penal Code – With Amendments" (PDF). Iraqi Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012. In the Democratic Republic of Congo the Family Code states that the husband is the head of the household; the wife owes her obedience to her husband; a wife has to live with her husband wherever he chooses to live; and wives must have their husbands' authorisation to bring a case in court or to initiate other legal proceedings.

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For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission. In Iraq husbands have a legal right to "punish" their wives. The criminal code states at Paragraph 41 that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right; examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom"."The Penal Code – With Amendments" (PDF). Iraqi Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012. In the Democratic Republic of Congo the Family Code states that the husband is the head of the household; the wife owes her obedience to her husband; a wife has to live with her husband wherever he chooses to live; and wives must have their husbands' authorisation to bring a case in court or to initiate other legal proceedings.

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Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

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amnesty.org (Global: 1,084^th place; English: 851^st place)

apa.org (Global: 1,327^th place; English: 1,093^rd place)

archive-it.org (Global: 1,292^nd place; English: 869^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

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berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

case.edu (Global: 3,685^th place; English: 2,099^th place)

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

ed.gov (Global: 318^th place; English: 138^th place)

encyclopedia.com (Global: 457^th place; English: 342^nd place)

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

historisches-lexikon.li (Global: 5,088^th place; English: 3,898^th place)

hopkinsmedicine.org (Global: 6,205^th place; English: 4,169^th place)

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354^th place; English: 958^th place)

hrw.org (Global: 601^st place; English: 472^nd place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

ipu.org (Global: 2,152^nd place; English: 1,963^rd place)

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

lexico.com (Global: 2,946^th place; English: 2,042^nd place)

mayoclinic.org (Global: 2,191^st place; English: 1,798^th place)

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,521^st place; English: 1,017^th place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

msn.com (Global: 188^th place; English: 215^th place)

nationalarchives.gov.uk (Global: 718^th place; English: 414^th place)

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

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smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

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yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)