Xianbei (English Wikipedia)

Golden 2013, p. 47, quote: "The Xianbei confederation appears to have contained speakers of Pre-Proto-Mongolic, perhaps the largest constituent linguistic group, as well as former Xiongnu subjects, who spoke other languages, Turkic almost certainly being one of them." Golden, Peter Benjamin (2013). Curta, Florin; Maleon, Bogdan-Petru (eds.). "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran". The Steppe Lands and the World Beyond Them. Iași: Editura Universității "A.I. Cuza" Publisher: 43–66.
Shimunek, Andrew (January 2018). "Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China". Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill): 331. doi:10.1163/9789004351981_019. ISBN 978-90-04-35195-0. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
Shimunek, Andrew. "Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China". Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill). Retrieved 22 September 2019. quote: "Asdemonstrated by Ratchnevsky (1966: 231), the Shirwi confederation was a multiethnic, multilingual confederation of Tungusic-speaking Mo-ho 靺鞨 people (i.e. ancestors of the Jurchen), the Meng-wa 蒙瓦 ~ Meng-wu 蒙兀, whom Pelliot (1928) and others have shown were Proto-Mongolic speakers, and other groups. The dominant group among the Shirwi undoubtedly were ethnolinguistic descendants of the Serbi (鮮卑 Hsien-pei), and spoke a language closely related to Kitan and more distantly related to Mongolic."
Vovin, Alexander. "Old Turkic Kinship Terms in Early Middle Chinese (co-athoured with David McCraw)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

archive.org

Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-58839-126-1. Xiao Baoyin.

books.google.com

Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2 December 2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in The Origins of Chinese Civilization, University of California Press, p. 452 of pp. 411–466.
Janhunen 2006, pp. 405–6. Janhunen (27 January 2006). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. p. 393. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–87. ISBN 9780521497817.
Tanigawa, Michio; Fogel, Joshua (1985). Medieval Chinese Society and the Local "community". University of California Press. pp. 120–21. ISBN 9780520053700.
Van Der Veer, Peter (2002). "Contexts of Cosmopolitanism". In Vertovec, Steven; Cohen, Robin (eds.). Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context and Practice. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–01. ISBN 9780199252282.
Dardess, John W. (2010). Governing China: 150–1850. Hackett. p. 9. ISBN 9781603844475.
Rubie Sharon Watson (1991). Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. University of California Press. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-0-520-07124-7.
Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) A History Of Chu (Volume 1) Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. p. 45. quote: "and tending the shrine flames together with the Xianbei 鮮卑 clan leader."
Papers on Far Eastern History. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. 1983. p. 86.
Hinsch, Bret (2018). Women in Early Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN 978-1538117972.
Hinsch, Bret (2016). Women in Imperial China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72. ISBN 978-1442271661.
Lee, Jen-der (2014). "9. Crime and Punishment The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu". In Swartz, Wendy; Campany, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.). Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 156–165. ISBN 978-0231531009.
Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History (1983). Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 27–30. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. pp. 86, 87, 88.
Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four. BRILL. 22 September 2014. pp. 1566–. ISBN 978-90-04-27185-2.
Barbara Bennett Peterson (2000). Barbara Bennett Peterson (ed.). Notable women of China: Shang dynasty to the early twentieth century (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7656-0504-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
Bunker, Emma C.; Sun, Zhixin (2002). Watt, James (ed.). Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other New York Collections. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09688-7 – via Google Books.

cell.com

Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Wei, Pianpian; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wen, Shaoqing (28 March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7). Elsevier: 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628. Retrieved 28 March 2024. In addition, Xianbei's appearance remains controversial in historical records. Some have described the Xianbei people as having some exotic characteristics with thick beards, yellow hair, and protuberant "high" noses33,34,35; others believe that most Xianbei were not visibly dramatically different from the general population of northeastern Asia.29 The latter view is in line with our genetic prediction

cfuv.ru

maiet.cfuv.ru

Golden, Peter B. “The Stateless Nomads of Central Eurasia” Archived 15 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, in Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity Edited by DiCosmo, Maas. p. 347-348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316146040.024

chinaknowledge.de

Theobald, Ulrich. "Xianbei 鮮卑". Chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
"The Sixteen States of the Five Barbarian Peoples 五胡十六國". Chinaknowledge.de.
"Xianbei 鮮卑". Chinaknowledge.de.

ctext.org

Chu Ci, "Da Zhao". quote: "小腰秀頸，若鮮卑只。". translation (by Gopal Sukhu, 2017): "And she is as small-waisted and long-necked [a]s a Xianbei woman."
Guoyu, "Jinyu 8" quote: "昔成王盟諸侯于岐陽，楚為荊蠻，置茅蕝，設望表，與鮮卑守燎，故不與盟。" translation: "Of yore, King Cheng convened an alliance-covenant ceremony with the various vassals at (Mt.) Qi's south-side, the Chu, being barbarians from Jing, held up bundles of cogon grass (through which to pour sacrificial wine), set up spirit tablets (for making offerings to the spirits of mountains and streams), and tended to the torches along with the Xianbei, therefore (the Chu) were not present at the alliance-covenant ceremony."
Guoyu, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 p. 140 of 154
Guoyu, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3–7, p. 42 of 148
Guoyu, "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao, 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 p. 140 of 154. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"
Guoyu, "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao. Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3–7, p. 43 of 148. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"
Guoyu, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu", 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 2, p. 90 of 160, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"
Guoyu, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 6–8, p. 28 of 111, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"
Du Yu, 《春秋經傳集解》 Chunqiu Zuozhuan – Collected Explanations, "vol. 2" p. 151 of 190. quote:（根牟東夷國也）

cyberleninka.ru

Kradin N. N. (2011). "Heterarchy and hierarchy among the ancient Mongolian nomads". Social Evolution & History. 10 (1): 188.

dankook.ac.kr

user.dankook.ac.kr

Tumen, D. (2011). "Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia" (PDF). 東洋學檀國大學校東洋學硏究所 [Dankook University Asia Research Series]. pp. 23–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2013.

djjunggu.go.kr

"성씨유래검색> 효문화 사이트". Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

doi.org

Hu, Alex J. (February 2010). "An overview of the history and culture of the Xianbei ('Monguor'/'Tu')". Asian Ethnicity. 11 (1): 95–164. doi:10.1080/14631360903531958. ISSN 1463-1369.
Golden, Peter B. “The Stateless Nomads of Central Eurasia” Archived 15 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, in Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity Edited by DiCosmo, Maas. p. 347-348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316146040.024
Shimunek, Andrew (January 2018). "Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China". Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill): 331. doi:10.1163/9789004351981_019. ISBN 978-90-04-35195-0. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2003). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations (I)". Monumenta Serica. 51: 55–236. doi:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731391. JSTOR 40727370. S2CID 156676644.
Holcombe, Charles (2013). "The Xianbei in Chinese History". Early Medieval China. 2013 (19): 1–38 [pp. 4–5]. doi:10.1179/1529910413Z.0000000006. S2CID 162191498.
Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Wei, Pianpian; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wen, Shaoqing (28 March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7). Elsevier: 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628. Retrieved 28 March 2024. In addition, Xianbei's appearance remains controversial in historical records. Some have described the Xianbei people as having some exotic characteristics with thick beards, yellow hair, and protuberant "high" noses33,34,35; others believe that most Xianbei were not visibly dramatically different from the general population of northeastern Asia.29 The latter view is in line with our genetic prediction
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244, Table 1. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6242, 6244–6245. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2014, p. 310, Table 2. Yu, C.-C.; et al. (6 April 2014). "Genetic analyses of Xianbei populations about 1,500–1,800 years old". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50 (3). Springer: 308–314. doi:10.1134/S1022795414030119. ISSN 1022-7954. PMID 17070809. S2CID 18809679.
Wang al. 2007, p. 404. Wang, Haijing; et al. (November 2007). "Molecular genetic analysis of remains from Lamadong cemetery, Liaoning, China". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 134 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 404–411. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20685. PMID 17632796.
Wang al. 2007, p. 408, Table 3. Wang, Haijing; et al. (November 2007). "Molecular genetic analysis of remains from Lamadong cemetery, Liaoning, China". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 134 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 404–411. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20685. PMID 17632796.
Li et al. 2018, p. 1. Li, Jiawei; et al. (August 2018). "The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 166 (4). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 895–905. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23491. PMID 29681138.
Cai, Dawei; Zheng, Ying; Bao, Qingchuan; Hu, Xiaonong; Chen, Wenhu; Zhang, Fan; Cao, Jianen; Ning, Chao (24 November 2023). "Ancient DNA sheds light on the origin and migration patterns of the Xianbei confederation". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 15 (12): 194. Bibcode:2023ArAnS..15..194C. doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01899-x. ISSN 1866-9565. S2CID 265381985.
Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi (March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628.

familysearch.org

"FamilySearch Catalog: 남원독고씨족보 南原獨孤氏族譜, 2권, 930–1935". Familysearch.org. Retrieved 24 January 2022.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Wei, Pianpian; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wen, Shaoqing (28 March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7). Elsevier: 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628. Retrieved 28 March 2024. In addition, Xianbei's appearance remains controversial in historical records. Some have described the Xianbei people as having some exotic characteristics with thick beards, yellow hair, and protuberant "high" noses33,34,35; others believe that most Xianbei were not visibly dramatically different from the general population of northeastern Asia.29 The latter view is in line with our genetic prediction
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244, Table 1. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6242, 6244–6245. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Cai, Dawei; Zheng, Ying; Bao, Qingchuan; Hu, Xiaonong; Chen, Wenhu; Zhang, Fan; Cao, Jianen; Ning, Chao (24 November 2023). "Ancient DNA sheds light on the origin and migration patterns of the Xianbei confederation". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 15 (12): 194. Bibcode:2023ArAnS..15..194C. doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01899-x. ISSN 1866-9565. S2CID 265381985.
Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi (March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628.

dash.harvard.edu

Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century) (PDF) (A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153.

nrs.harvard.edu

Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century) (PhD). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153.

helsinki.fi

helda.helsinki.fi

Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 164

jstor.org

Chen, Sanping (1996). "A-Gan Revisited — The Tuoba's Cultural and Political Heritage". Journal of Asian History. 30 (1): 46–78. JSTOR 41931010.
Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2003). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations (I)". Monumenta Serica. 51: 55–236. doi:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731391. JSTOR 40727370. S2CID 156676644.
Dien, Albert E. (1986). "The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Military History". Ars Orientalis. 16: 33–56. JSTOR 4629341.

kaogu.cn

"Tomb Murals with Largest Known Hunting Scene of the Northern Dynasties Discovered in Shanxi, NW China (2015)". The Institute of Archaeology CASS.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Wei, Pianpian; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wen, Shaoqing (28 March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7). Elsevier: 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628. Retrieved 28 March 2024. In addition, Xianbei's appearance remains controversial in historical records. Some have described the Xianbei people as having some exotic characteristics with thick beards, yellow hair, and protuberant "high" noses33,34,35; others believe that most Xianbei were not visibly dramatically different from the general population of northeastern Asia.29 The latter view is in line with our genetic prediction
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244, Table 1. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6242, 6244–6245. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2014, p. 310, Table 2. Yu, C.-C.; et al. (6 April 2014). "Genetic analyses of Xianbei populations about 1,500–1,800 years old". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50 (3). Springer: 308–314. doi:10.1134/S1022795414030119. ISSN 1022-7954. PMID 17070809. S2CID 18809679.
Wang al. 2007, p. 404. Wang, Haijing; et al. (November 2007). "Molecular genetic analysis of remains from Lamadong cemetery, Liaoning, China". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 134 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 404–411. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20685. PMID 17632796.
Wang al. 2007, p. 408, Table 3. Wang, Haijing; et al. (November 2007). "Molecular genetic analysis of remains from Lamadong cemetery, Liaoning, China". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 134 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 404–411. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20685. PMID 17632796.
Li et al. 2018, p. 1. Li, Jiawei; et al. (August 2018). "The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 166 (4). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 895–905. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23491. PMID 29681138.
Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi (March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628.

researchgate.net

Balogh, Mátyás (15 December 2021). "From Family Crisis to State Crisis: The Case of Former Yan (Qian Yan 前燕, 285/337–370), a Xianbei Conquest Dynasty". Journal of East Asian Cultures. 13 (1): 141–158 – via ResearchGate.

rootsinfo.co.kr

"독고씨(獨孤氏)의 본관 :: 뿌리를 찾아서 ::". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2003). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations (I)". Monumenta Serica. 51: 55–236. doi:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731391. JSTOR 40727370. S2CID 156676644.
Holcombe, Charles (2013). "The Xianbei in Chinese History". Early Medieval China. 2013 (19): 1–38 [pp. 4–5]. doi:10.1179/1529910413Z.0000000006. S2CID 162191498.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244, Table 1. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6244. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2006, p. 6242, 6244–6245. Yu, Changchun; et al. (20 October 2006). "Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia". The FEBS Journal. 580 (26). Wiley: 6242–6246. Bibcode:2006FEBSL.580.6242C. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.030. PMID 17070809. S2CID 19492267.
Yu et al. 2014, p. 310, Table 2. Yu, C.-C.; et al. (6 April 2014). "Genetic analyses of Xianbei populations about 1,500–1,800 years old". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50 (3). Springer: 308–314. doi:10.1134/S1022795414030119. ISSN 1022-7954. PMID 17070809. S2CID 18809679.
Cai, Dawei; Zheng, Ying; Bao, Qingchuan; Hu, Xiaonong; Chen, Wenhu; Zhang, Fan; Cao, Jianen; Ning, Chao (24 November 2023). "Ancient DNA sheds light on the origin and migration patterns of the Xianbei confederation". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 15 (12): 194. Bibcode:2023ArAnS..15..194C. doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01899-x. ISSN 1866-9565. S2CID 265381985.

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"성씨정보 | 남원독고씨 (南原獨孤氏) – 인구 분포도 (人口分布圖) :+". Surname.info.

tdkbelleten.gov.tr

Vovın, Alexander; Mccraw, David (2011). "Eski Orta Çincedeki Eski Türkçe Akrabalık Terimleri". Yearbook of Turkic Studies - Belleten. 59 (1): 105–116. ISSN 0564-5050.

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Guoyu, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 p. 36 Waseda University Library's copy
Guoyu, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 p. 36. quote: "鮮卑東夷國". Waseda University Library's copy
Guoyu, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, p. 42. quote: "山戎今之鮮卑". Waseda University Library's copy

wikipedia.org

zh.wikipedia.org

Zhang Zhengming (2017) accepts the reading 鮮卑^[31] (also seen in the early 19th century version published by Jinzhang bookstore (錦章図書局) in Shanghai^[32]) as the ethnonym of the people who accompanied the Chu. However, 鮮卑 Xianbei is likely a scribal error for 鮮牟 Xianmou (as in other versions like Sibu Congkan (四部叢刊),^[33] or Siku Quanshu (四庫全書)^[34]). Eastern Wu scholar Wei Zhao states that the 鮮牟 Xianmou were an Eastern Yi nation,^[35]^[36] while the 鮮卑 Xianbei were of Mountain Rong origin.^[37]^[38] The apparent scribal error results in contradicting statements, apparently by Wei Zhao, that the Xianbei were an Eastern Yi nation^[39] and a people of Mountain Rong origin.^[40] Huang Pilie (1763–1825) states that the reading 鮮卑 Xianbei was inauthentic and identifies the 鮮牟 Xianmou with 根牟 Genmou, an Eastern Yi nation conquered by the Lu state in the 9th year of Duke Xuan of Lu's reign (600 BCE).^[41]^[42]^[43]

wikisource.org

zh.wikisource.org

Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan "Duke Xuan's 9th year" jing; quote:（秋，取根牟。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou." zhuan; quote:（秋，取根牟，言易也。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou. It's said that was easy."

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Hu, Alex J. (February 2010). "An overview of the history and culture of the Xianbei ('Monguor'/'Tu')". Asian Ethnicity. 11 (1): 95–164. doi:10.1080/14631360903531958. ISSN 1463-1369.
Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. OCLC 993110372.
Vovın, Alexander; Mccraw, David (2011). "Eski Orta Çincedeki Eski Türkçe Akrabalık Terimleri". Yearbook of Turkic Studies - Belleten. 59 (1): 105–116. ISSN 0564-5050.
Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Wei, Pianpian; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wen, Shaoqing (28 March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7). Elsevier: 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628. Retrieved 28 March 2024. In addition, Xianbei's appearance remains controversial in historical records. Some have described the Xianbei people as having some exotic characteristics with thick beards, yellow hair, and protuberant "high" noses33,34,35; others believe that most Xianbei were not visibly dramatically different from the general population of northeastern Asia.29 The latter view is in line with our genetic prediction
Yu et al. 2014, p. 310, Table 2. Yu, C.-C.; et al. (6 April 2014). "Genetic analyses of Xianbei populations about 1,500–1,800 years old". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50 (3). Springer: 308–314. doi:10.1134/S1022795414030119. ISSN 1022-7954. PMID 17070809. S2CID 18809679.
Cai, Dawei; Zheng, Ying; Bao, Qingchuan; Hu, Xiaonong; Chen, Wenhu; Zhang, Fan; Cao, Jianen; Ning, Chao (24 November 2023). "Ancient DNA sheds light on the origin and migration patterns of the Xianbei confederation". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 15 (12): 194. Bibcode:2023ArAnS..15..194C. doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01899-x. ISSN 1866-9565. S2CID 265381985.
Du, Panxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Qiao, Hui; Zhang, Jianlin; Meng, Hailiang; Huang, Zixiao; Yu, Yao; Xie, Shouhua; Allen, Edward; Xiong, Jianxue; Zhang, Baoshuai; Chang, Xin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xu, Yiran; Zhou, Qi (March 2024). "Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1587–1595.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1587D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38552628.