Xylazine (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Xylazine" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

40nih.gov

4^th place

25doi.org

2^nd place

7semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3web.archive.org

1^st place

3fda.gov

447^th place

338^th place

2dea.gov

8,191^st place

5,785^th place

1drugs.com

399^th place

333^rd place

1merckvetmanual.com

9,011^th place

6,167^th place

1phila.gov

low place

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1cbsnews.com

108^th place

80^th place

1thecentersquare.com

low place

1espacenet.com

800^th place

676^th place

1aspetjournals.org

6,663^rd place

5,792^nd place

1state.mn.us

3,210^th place

1,795^th place

1masslive.com

2,719^th place

1,489^th place

1fox13seattle.com

low place

1ny.gov

1,775^th place

970^th place

1boston.com

310^th place

208^th place

1aafp.org

1,916^th place

1,419^th place

1thehill.com

476^th place

282^nd place

1worldcat.org

5^th place

1euronews.com

612^th place

921^st place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1boston.gov

low place

aafp.org

"Opioid Epidemic Updates: "Frankenstein Opioids" and Xylazine-Induced Skin Ulcers". aafp.org. Retrieved 23 February 2023.

aspetjournals.org

jpet.aspetjournals.org

Hsu WH (July 1981). "Xylazine-induced depression and its antagonism by alpha adrenergic blocking agents". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 218 (1): 188–192. PMID 6113279.

bbc.co.uk

"'Zombie' drug xylazine found in cannabis THC vapes in UK". BBC News. Apr 10, 2024.

boston.com

archive.boston.com

Melia M (5 August 2010). "ACLU probes prisoner deaths in Puerto Rico". Boston.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 August 2016.

boston.gov

content.boston.gov

"Xylazine Public Health Advisory, November 2022" (PDF). Boston Public Health Commission. City of Boston. Retrieved 25 January 2023.

cbsnews.com

Quynh J (October 4, 2023). "Feds target Chinese based fentanyl supply chain with ties to Florida". CBS News. Miami. Retrieved May 24, 2024.

dea.gov

"DEA Reports Widespread Threat of Fentanyl Mixed with Xylazine". DEA. 2023-03-21. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-04-12. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"The Growing Threat of Xylazine and its Mixture with Illicit Drugs" (PDF). Drug Enforcement Administration. USDOJ.

doi.org

Greene SA, Thurmon JC (December 1988). "Xylazine—a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11 (4): 295–313. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00189.x. PMID 3062194.
Ruiz-Colón K, Chavez-Arias C, Díaz-Alcalá JE, Martínez MA (July 2014). "Xylazine intoxication in humans and its importance as an emerging adulterant in abused drugs: A comprehensive review of the literature". Forensic Science International. 240: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.015. PMID 24769343.
Aithal HP, Pratap AK, Singh GR (1997). "Clinical effects of epidurally administered ketamine and xylazine in goats". Small Ruminant Research. 24 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1016/s0921-4488(96)00919-4.
Reyes JC, Negrón JL, Colón HM, Padilla AM, Millán MY, Matos TD, et al. (June 2012). "The emerging of xylazine as a new drug of abuse and its health consequences among drug users in Puerto Rico". Journal of Urban Health. 89 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9662-6. PMC 3368046. PMID 22391983.
Montero F, Bourgois P, Friedman J (2022). "Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine ("Tranq"), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana". Journal of Illicit Economies and Development. 4 (2): 204–222. doi:10.31389/jied.122. PMC 10065983. PMID 37009634.
Xiao YF, Wang B, Wang X, Du F, Benzinou M, Wang YX (October 2013). "Xylazine-induced reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin leads to acute hyperglycemia in diabetic and normoglycemic monkeys". BMC Anesthesiology. 13 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-13-33. PMC 4016475. PMID 24138083.
Kollias-Baker CA, Court MH, Williams LL (September 1993). "Influence of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and sedative effects of xylazine in the horse". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16 (3): 350–358. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1993.tb00182.x. PMID 8230406.
Park JW, Chung HW, Lee EJ, Jung KH, Paik JY, Lee KH (April 2013). " $α$ ₂-Adrenergic agonists including xylazine and dexmedetomidine inhibit norepinephrine transporter function in SK-N-SH cells". Neuroscience Letters. 541: 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.022. PMID 23485735. S2CID 46338840.
Bedard ML, Huang XP, Murray JG, Nowlan AC, Conley SY, Mott SE, et al. (2024-05-03). "Xylazine is an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and exhibits sex-specific responses to opioid antagonism". Addiction Neuroscience. 11: 100155. doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100155. PMC 11290297.
Silva-Torres L, Veléz C, Alvarez L, Zayas B (2014). "Xylazine as a drug of abuse and its effects on the generation of reactive species and DNA damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells". Journal of Toxicology. 2014: 492609. doi:10.1155/2014/492609. PMC 4243599. PMID 25435874.
Barroso M, Gallardo E, Margalho C, Devesa N, Pimentel J, Vieira DN (April 2007). "Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of the veterinary drug xylazine in human blood". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 31 (3): 165–169. doi:10.1093/jat/31.3.165. PMID 17579964.
Meyer GM, Maurer HH (December 2013). "Qualitative metabolism assessment and toxicological detection of xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer and drug of abuse, in rat and human urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 405 (30): 9779–9789. doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7419-7. PMID 24141317. S2CID 23164588.
Carruthers SG, Nelson M, Wexler HR, Stiller CR (October 1979). "Xylazine hydrochloridine (Rompun) overdose in man". Clinical Toxicology. 15 (3): 281–285. doi:10.3109/15563657908989878. PMID 509891.
Hoffman GR, Giduturi C, Cordaro NJ, Yoshida CT, Schoffstall AM, Stabio ME, et al. (May 15, 2024). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Xylazine". ACS Chem Neurosci. 15 (11): 2091–2098. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00172.
de Andrade Horn P, Berida TI, Parr LC, Bouchard JL, Jayakodiarachchi N, Schultz DC, et al. (October 2024). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Medetomidine". ACS Chem Neurosci. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00583. PMC 11587509.
Torruella RA (April 2011). "Xylazine (veterinary sedative) use in Puerto Rico". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1747-597x-6-7. PMC 3080818. PMID 21481268.
Russell E, Sisco E, Thomson A, Lopes J, Rybak M, Burnett M, et al. (April 2023). "Rapid Analysis of Drugs: A Pilot Surveillance System To Detect Changes in the Illicit Drug Supply To Guide Timely Harm Reduction Responses - Eight Syringe Services Programs, Maryland, November 2021-August 2022". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 72 (17): 458–462. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7217a2. PMID 37104171. S2CID 258354168.
Friedman J, Montero F, Bourgois P, Wahbi R, Dye D, Goodman-Meza D, et al. (April 2022). "Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 233: 109380. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380. PMC 9128597. PMID 35247724.
Ehrman-Dupre R, Kaigh C, Salzman M, Haroz R, Peterson LK, Schmidt R (2022). "Management of Xylazine Withdrawal in a Hospitalized Patient: A Case Report". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 16 (5): 595–598. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000955. PMID 35020700. S2CID 245907730.
Rock KL, Lawson AJ, Duffy J, Mellor A, Treble R, Copeland CS (July 2023). "The first drug-related death associated with xylazine use in the UK and Europe". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 97: 102542. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102542. ISSN 1752-928X. PMID 37236142. S2CID 258859939.
Copeland CS, Rice K, Rock KL, Hudson S, Streete P, Lawson AJ, et al. (April 2024). "Broad evidence of xylazine in the UK illicit drug market beyond heroin supplies: Triangulating from toxicology, drug-testing and law enforcement". Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.16466.
Ball NS, Knable BM, Relich TA, Smathers AN, Gionfriddo M, Nemecek BD, et al. (August 2022). "Xylazine poisoning: a systematic review". Clinical Toxicology. 60 (8): 892–901. doi:10.1080/15563650.2022.2063135. PMID 35442125. S2CID 248264717.
Scheinin H, Aantaa R, Anttila M, Hakola P, Helminen A, Karhuvaara S (September 1998). "Reversal of the sedative and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine with a specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole: a pharmacodynamic and kinetic study in healthy volunteers". Anesthesiology. 89 (3): 574–584. doi:10.1097/00000542-199809000-00005. PMID 9743392. S2CID 25346350.
Pertovaara A, Haapalinna A, Sirviö J, Virtanen R (2005). "Pharmacological properties, central nervous system effects, and potential therapeutic applications of atipamezole, a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist". CNS Drug Reviews. 11 (3): 273–288. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00047.x. PMC 6741735. PMID 16389294.
Ndeereh DR, Mbithi PM, Kihurani DO (June 2001). "The reversal of xylazine hydrochloride by yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine in goats". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 72 (2): 64–67. doi:10.4102/jsava.v72i2.618. PMID 11513261.

drugs.com

"Xylazine". drugs.com.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

US expired 4614798A, Elliott, Richard L. & Ruehle, Paul H., "Process for the production of xylazine", issued 30 September 1986, assigned to Vetamix (expired 9 April 2005).

euronews.com

"Xylazine: Flesh-rotting 'zombie' drug claims first victim in Europe". euronews. May 26, 2023.

fda.gov

"FDA warns about the risk of xylazine exposure in humans, November 8, 2022". fda.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-04-12. Reports from social media and news outlets suggest that xylazine-containing products may be sold under the street names tranq, tranq dope, sleep-cut, Philly dope and zombie drug.
"FDA alerts health care professionals of risks to patients exposed to xylazine in illicit drugs". www.fda.gov. 2023-03-21. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
"FDA alerts health care professionals of risks to patients exposed to xylazine in illicit drugs". Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2022-11-08.

fox13seattle.com

Rose D (April 7, 2024). "Seattle Police warn that base ingredient in 'zombie drug' tranq is being sold as standalone pill". Fox 13 Seattle.

masslive.com

"What is 'tranq' and why do police carry wound care kits because of it?". Masslive. May 9, 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.

merckvetmanual.com

Dowling PM (June 2016) [March 2015]. "Drugs to control or stimulate vomiting (monogastric)". Merck Veterinary Manual (professional ed.). Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Greene SA, Thurmon JC (December 1988). "Xylazine—a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11 (4): 295–313. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00189.x. PMID 3062194.
Ruiz-Colón K, Chavez-Arias C, Díaz-Alcalá JE, Martínez MA (July 2014). "Xylazine intoxication in humans and its importance as an emerging adulterant in abused drugs: A comprehensive review of the literature". Forensic Science International. 240: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.015. PMID 24769343.
Haskins SC, Patz JD, Farver TB (March 1986). "Xylazine and xylazine-ketamine in dogs". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 47 (3): 636–641. PMID 3963565.
Muir WW, Skarda RT, Milne DW (February 1977). "Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride for anesthesia in horses". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 38 (2): 195–201. PMID 842917.
Reyes JC, Negrón JL, Colón HM, Padilla AM, Millán MY, Matos TD, et al. (June 2012). "The emerging of xylazine as a new drug of abuse and its health consequences among drug users in Puerto Rico". Journal of Urban Health. 89 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9662-6. PMC 3368046. PMID 22391983.
Montero F, Bourgois P, Friedman J (2022). "Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine ("Tranq"), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana". Journal of Illicit Economies and Development. 4 (2): 204–222. doi:10.31389/jied.122. PMC 10065983. PMID 37009634.
Xiao YF, Wang B, Wang X, Du F, Benzinou M, Wang YX (October 2013). "Xylazine-induced reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin leads to acute hyperglycemia in diabetic and normoglycemic monkeys". BMC Anesthesiology. 13 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-13-33. PMC 4016475. PMID 24138083.
Delehant TM, Denhart JW, Lloyd WE, Powell JD (2003). "Pharmacokinetics of xylazine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, and tolazoline in tissues from yearling cattle and milk from mature dairy cows after sedation with xylazine hydrochloride and reversal with tolazoline hydrochloride". Veterinary Therapeutics. 4 (2): 128–134. PMID 14506588.
Veilleux-Lemieux D, Castel A, Carrier D, Beaudry F, Vachon P (September 2013). "Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine in young and old Sprague-Dawley rats". Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 52 (5): 567–570. PMC 3784662. PMID 24041212.
Kollias-Baker CA, Court MH, Williams LL (September 1993). "Influence of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and sedative effects of xylazine in the horse". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16 (3): 350–358. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1993.tb00182.x. PMID 8230406.
Murahata Y, Miki Y, Hikasa Y (October 2014). "Antagonistic effects of atipamezole, yohimbine, and prazosin on xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats". Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 78 (4): 304–315. PMC 4170770. PMID 25356000.
Janssen CF, Maiello P, Wright MJ, Kracinovsky KB, Newsome JT (March 2017). "Comparison of Atipamezole with Yohimbine for Antagonism of Xylazine in Mice Anesthetized with Ketamine and Xylazine". Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 56 (2): 142–147. PMC 5361038. PMID 28315642.
Hsu WH (July 1981). "Xylazine-induced depression and its antagonism by alpha adrenergic blocking agents". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 218 (1): 188–192. PMID 6113279.
Park JW, Chung HW, Lee EJ, Jung KH, Paik JY, Lee KH (April 2013). " $α$ ₂-Adrenergic agonists including xylazine and dexmedetomidine inhibit norepinephrine transporter function in SK-N-SH cells". Neuroscience Letters. 541: 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.022. PMID 23485735. S2CID 46338840.
Silva-Torres L, Veléz C, Alvarez L, Zayas B (2014). "Xylazine as a drug of abuse and its effects on the generation of reactive species and DNA damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells". Journal of Toxicology. 2014: 492609. doi:10.1155/2014/492609. PMC 4243599. PMID 25435874.
Barroso M, Gallardo E, Margalho C, Devesa N, Pimentel J, Vieira DN (April 2007). "Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of the veterinary drug xylazine in human blood". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 31 (3): 165–169. doi:10.1093/jat/31.3.165. PMID 17579964.
Meyer GM, Maurer HH (December 2013). "Qualitative metabolism assessment and toxicological detection of xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer and drug of abuse, in rat and human urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 405 (30): 9779–9789. doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7419-7. PMID 24141317. S2CID 23164588.
Carruthers SG, Nelson M, Wexler HR, Stiller CR (October 1979). "Xylazine hydrochloridine (Rompun) overdose in man". Clinical Toxicology. 15 (3): 281–285. doi:10.3109/15563657908989878. PMID 509891.
Torruella RA (April 2011). "Xylazine (veterinary sedative) use in Puerto Rico". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1747-597x-6-7. PMC 3080818. PMID 21481268.
Russell E, Sisco E, Thomson A, Lopes J, Rybak M, Burnett M, et al. (April 2023). "Rapid Analysis of Drugs: A Pilot Surveillance System To Detect Changes in the Illicit Drug Supply To Guide Timely Harm Reduction Responses - Eight Syringe Services Programs, Maryland, November 2021-August 2022". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 72 (17): 458–462. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7217a2. PMID 37104171. S2CID 258354168.
Friedman J, Montero F, Bourgois P, Wahbi R, Dye D, Goodman-Meza D, et al. (April 2022). "Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 233: 109380. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380. PMC 9128597. PMID 35247724.
Ehrman-Dupre R, Kaigh C, Salzman M, Haroz R, Peterson LK, Schmidt R (2022). "Management of Xylazine Withdrawal in a Hospitalized Patient: A Case Report". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 16 (5): 595–598. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000955. PMID 35020700. S2CID 245907730.
Rock KL, Lawson AJ, Duffy J, Mellor A, Treble R, Copeland CS (July 2023). "The first drug-related death associated with xylazine use in the UK and Europe". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 97: 102542. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102542. ISSN 1752-928X. PMID 37236142. S2CID 258859939.
Ball NS, Knable BM, Relich TA, Smathers AN, Gionfriddo M, Nemecek BD, et al. (August 2022). "Xylazine poisoning: a systematic review". Clinical Toxicology. 60 (8): 892–901. doi:10.1080/15563650.2022.2063135. PMID 35442125. S2CID 248264717.
Scheinin H, Aantaa R, Anttila M, Hakola P, Helminen A, Karhuvaara S (September 1998). "Reversal of the sedative and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine with a specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole: a pharmacodynamic and kinetic study in healthy volunteers". Anesthesiology. 89 (3): 574–584. doi:10.1097/00000542-199809000-00005. PMID 9743392. S2CID 25346350.
Pertovaara A, Haapalinna A, Sirviö J, Virtanen R (2005). "Pharmacological properties, central nervous system effects, and potential therapeutic applications of atipamezole, a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist". CNS Drug Reviews. 11 (3): 273–288. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00047.x. PMC 6741735. PMID 16389294.
Ndeereh DR, Mbithi PM, Kihurani DO (June 2001). "The reversal of xylazine hydrochloride by yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine in goats". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 72 (2): 64–67. doi:10.4102/jsava.v72i2.618. PMID 11513261.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Reyes JC, Negrón JL, Colón HM, Padilla AM, Millán MY, Matos TD, et al. (June 2012). "The emerging of xylazine as a new drug of abuse and its health consequences among drug users in Puerto Rico". Journal of Urban Health. 89 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9662-6. PMC 3368046. PMID 22391983.
Montero F, Bourgois P, Friedman J (2022). "Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine ("Tranq"), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana". Journal of Illicit Economies and Development. 4 (2): 204–222. doi:10.31389/jied.122. PMC 10065983. PMID 37009634.
Xiao YF, Wang B, Wang X, Du F, Benzinou M, Wang YX (October 2013). "Xylazine-induced reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin leads to acute hyperglycemia in diabetic and normoglycemic monkeys". BMC Anesthesiology. 13 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-13-33. PMC 4016475. PMID 24138083.
Veilleux-Lemieux D, Castel A, Carrier D, Beaudry F, Vachon P (September 2013). "Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine in young and old Sprague-Dawley rats". Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 52 (5): 567–570. PMC 3784662. PMID 24041212.
Murahata Y, Miki Y, Hikasa Y (October 2014). "Antagonistic effects of atipamezole, yohimbine, and prazosin on xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats". Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 78 (4): 304–315. PMC 4170770. PMID 25356000.
Janssen CF, Maiello P, Wright MJ, Kracinovsky KB, Newsome JT (March 2017). "Comparison of Atipamezole with Yohimbine for Antagonism of Xylazine in Mice Anesthetized with Ketamine and Xylazine". Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 56 (2): 142–147. PMC 5361038. PMID 28315642.
Bedard ML, Huang XP, Murray JG, Nowlan AC, Conley SY, Mott SE, et al. (2024-05-03). "Xylazine is an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and exhibits sex-specific responses to opioid antagonism". Addiction Neuroscience. 11: 100155. doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100155. PMC 11290297.
Silva-Torres L, Veléz C, Alvarez L, Zayas B (2014). "Xylazine as a drug of abuse and its effects on the generation of reactive species and DNA damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells". Journal of Toxicology. 2014: 492609. doi:10.1155/2014/492609. PMC 4243599. PMID 25435874.
de Andrade Horn P, Berida TI, Parr LC, Bouchard JL, Jayakodiarachchi N, Schultz DC, et al. (October 2024). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Medetomidine". ACS Chem Neurosci. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00583. PMC 11587509.
Torruella RA (April 2011). "Xylazine (veterinary sedative) use in Puerto Rico". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1747-597x-6-7. PMC 3080818. PMID 21481268.
Friedman J, Montero F, Bourgois P, Wahbi R, Dye D, Goodman-Meza D, et al. (April 2022). "Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 233: 109380. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380. PMC 9128597. PMID 35247724.
Pertovaara A, Haapalinna A, Sirviö J, Virtanen R (2005). "Pharmacological properties, central nervous system effects, and potential therapeutic applications of atipamezole, a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist". CNS Drug Reviews. 11 (3): 273–288. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00047.x. PMC 6741735. PMID 16389294.

nida.nih.gov

"Research Topics - Xylazine". National Institute on Drug Abuse. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.

ny.gov

oasas.ny.gov

"Xylazine". Office of Addiction Services and Supports (OASAS) - New York. OASAS. Retrieved 11 August 2024.

nytimes.com

Hoffman J (7 January 2023). "Tranq Dope: Animal Sedative Mixed With Fentanyl Brings Fresh Horror to U.S. Drug Zones". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2023.

phila.gov

hip.phila.gov

"Recommendations for Caring for Individuals with Xylazine-Associated Wounds". Department of Public Health - City of Philadelphia. Retrieved 11 August 2024.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Park JW, Chung HW, Lee EJ, Jung KH, Paik JY, Lee KH (April 2013). " $α$ ₂-Adrenergic agonists including xylazine and dexmedetomidine inhibit norepinephrine transporter function in SK-N-SH cells". Neuroscience Letters. 541: 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.022. PMID 23485735. S2CID 46338840.
Meyer GM, Maurer HH (December 2013). "Qualitative metabolism assessment and toxicological detection of xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer and drug of abuse, in rat and human urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 405 (30): 9779–9789. doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7419-7. PMID 24141317. S2CID 23164588.
Russell E, Sisco E, Thomson A, Lopes J, Rybak M, Burnett M, et al. (April 2023). "Rapid Analysis of Drugs: A Pilot Surveillance System To Detect Changes in the Illicit Drug Supply To Guide Timely Harm Reduction Responses - Eight Syringe Services Programs, Maryland, November 2021-August 2022". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 72 (17): 458–462. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7217a2. PMID 37104171. S2CID 258354168.
Ehrman-Dupre R, Kaigh C, Salzman M, Haroz R, Peterson LK, Schmidt R (2022). "Management of Xylazine Withdrawal in a Hospitalized Patient: A Case Report". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 16 (5): 595–598. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000955. PMID 35020700. S2CID 245907730.
Rock KL, Lawson AJ, Duffy J, Mellor A, Treble R, Copeland CS (July 2023). "The first drug-related death associated with xylazine use in the UK and Europe". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 97: 102542. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102542. ISSN 1752-928X. PMID 37236142. S2CID 258859939.
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Rock KL, Lawson AJ, Duffy J, Mellor A, Treble R, Copeland CS (July 2023). "The first drug-related death associated with xylazine use in the UK and Europe". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 97: 102542. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102542. ISSN 1752-928X. PMID 37236142. S2CID 258859939.