Yoga (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Yoga" in English language version.

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Carleton, James (2020). "Mental and spiritual wellness in isolation". ABC. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

accesstoinsight.org

The Pāli and Sanskrit word bhāvanā literally means "development" as in "mental development." For the association of this term with "meditation," see Epstein (1995), p. 105; and, Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 20. As an example from a well-known discourse of the Pali Canon, in "The Greater Exhortation to Rahula" (Maha-Rahulovada Sutta, MN 62), Ven. Sariputta tells Ven. Rahula (in Pali, based on VRI, n.d.): ānāpānassatiṃ, rāhula, bhāvanaṃ bhāvehi. Thanissaro (2006) translates this as: "Rahula, develop the meditation [bhāvana] of mindfulness of in-&-out breathing." (Square-bracketed Pali word included based on Thanissaro, 2006, end note.)
See, for example, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), entry for "jhāna¹"; Thanissaro (1997); as well as, Kapleau (1989), p. 385, for the derivation of the word "zen" from Sanskrit "dhyāna." PTS Secretary Dr. Rupert Gethin, in describing the activities of wandering ascetics contemporaneous with the Buddha, wrote:
"... [T]here is the cultivation of meditative and contemplative techniques aimed at producing what might, for the lack of a suitable technical term in English, be referred to as 'altered states of consciousness'. In the technical vocabulary of Indian religious texts such states come to be termed 'meditations' ([Skt.:] dhyāna / [Pali:] jhāna) or 'concentrations' (samādhi); the attainment of such states of consciousness was generally regarded as bringing the practitioner to deeper knowledge and experience of the nature of the world." (Gethin, 1998, p. 10.)
"Vedanta and Buddhism, A Comparative Study". Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2012.

adarshsahityasangh.com

Tulsi, Acharya (2004). "Blessings". Sambodhi. Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh. OCLC 39811791. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.

adelaide.edu.au

Paul Babie and Neville Rochow (2012), Freedom of Religion Under Bills of Rights Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, University of Adelaide Press, ISBN 978-0-9871718-0-1, page 98

archive.org

Bryant (2009, p. xxxiv): "Most scholars date the text shortly after the turn of the Common Era (circa first to second century)." Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Original Sanskrit: स्वाध्यायमधीयानो धर्मिकान्विदधदात्मनि सर्वैन्द्रियाणि संप्रतिष्ठाप्याहिँसन्सर्व भूतान्यन्यत्र तीर्थेभ्यः स खल्वेवं वर्तयन्यावदायुषं ब्रह्मलोकमभिसंपद्यते न च पुनरावर्तते न च पुनरावर्तते॥ १॥ – Chandogya Upanishad, VIII.15^[102]
Translation 1 by Max Muller, The Upanishads, The Sacred Books of the East – Part 1, Oxford University Press: (He who engages in) self study, concentrates all his senses on the Self, never giving pain to any creature, except at the tîrthas, he who behaves thus all his life, reaches the world of Brahman, and does not return, yea, he does not return.
Translation 2 by G.N. Jha: Chandogya Upanishad VIII.15, page 488: (He who engages in self study),—and having withdrawn all his sense-organs into the Self,—never causing pain to any living beings, except in places specially ordained,—one who behaves thus throughout life reaches the Region of Brahman and does not return,—yea, does not return.—
For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967, "Contents" and pp. 453–487. Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C. A. (1967). A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.
T. R. S. Ayyangar (1938), The Yoga Upanishads The Adyar Library, Madras
Bryant 2009, p. xxxiv. Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Burley 2000, p. 15, "While many scholars prefer to locate hatha-yoga's formative years somewhere between the ninth and tenth centuries CE, coinciding with the estimated flourishing of the great siddhas Matsyendra and Goraksa, other researchers and practitioners of yoga look much farther back in time.". Burley, Mikel (2000). Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8-1208-1706-7.
Burley 2000, pp. 1–2. Burley, Mikel (2000). Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8-1208-1706-7.
Burley 2000, p. 25. Burley, Mikel (2000). Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8-1208-1706-7.
Bryant 2009, p. 5. Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Bryant 2009, p. xxxix. Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Bryant2009, p. xix-xx. Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Bryant 2009, p. xxi. Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Charles R Lanman, The Hindu Yoga System, Harvard Theological Review, Volume XI, Number 4, Harvard University Press, pages 355–359
SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), The Nyâya Sutras, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 137–139
Original Sanskrit: साङ्ख्यं योगो लोकायतं च इत्यान्वीक्षिकी |
English Translation: Arthasastra Book 1, Chapter 2 Kautiliya, R Shamasastry (Translator), page 9
Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967, p. 453. Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C. A. (1967). A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.
Bryant 2009, p. 10. Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Bryant 2009, p. 457. Bryant, Edwin (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-736-0.
Phillips, Stephen H. (1995). Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of "New Logic". Open Court Publishing. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780812692983.
Burley 2000, p. 16. Burley, Mikel (2000). Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8-1208-1706-7.
Feuerstein 1996. Feuerstein, Georg (1996). The Shambhala Guide to Yoga (1st ed.). Boston & London: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-1-5706-2142-0.
Goldberg 2010, pp. 21ff. Goldberg, Philip (2010). American Veda. From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation. How Indian Spirituality Changed the West. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-385-52134-5.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Vatican sounds New Age alert". BBC. 4 February 2003. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
"Indonesian clerics issue yoga ban". BBC News. 25 January 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

bbc.com

"Yoga: How did it conquer the world and what's changed?". BBC News. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2021.

books.google.com

Deussen 1997, p. 556. Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-8-1208-1467-7.
Ruff 2011, pp. 97–112. Ruff, Jeffrey Clark (2011). "Yoga in the 'Yoga Upanisads': Disciplines of the Mystical 'OM' Sound". In White, David Gordon (ed.). Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press. pp. 97–116. ISBN 978-0691140865.
Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-231-14485-8.
Patrick Olivelle (1998). The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-19-512435-4.
Samuel 2008, p. 8. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3.
Whicher 1998, p. 320. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Jacobsen 2011, p. 4. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Larson 2008, p. 36. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Zimmer 1951, p. 217, 314. Zimmer, Heinrich (1951). Philosophies of India. New York, New York: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01758-1. Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell.
Zimmer 1951, p. 217. Zimmer, Heinrich (1951). Philosophies of India. New York, New York: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01758-1. Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell.
Samuel 2008. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3.
Samuel 2008, pp. 1–14. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3.
Wynne 2007, p. 50. Wynne, Alexander (2007). The Origin of Buddhist Meditation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-09741-8.
Whicher 1998, p. 11. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Whicher 1998, p. 13. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Whicher 1998, p. 12. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Wynne 2007, pp. 44–45, 58. Wynne, Alexander (2007). The Origin of Buddhist Meditation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-09741-8.
Jacobsen 2011, p. 6. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Whicher 1998, p. 17. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Richard King (1995). Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: the Mahāyāna context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2513-8, page 52
Larson 2008, pp. 34–35, 53. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Samuel 2008, pp. 31–32. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3.
Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1809. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.
Wynne 2007, pp. 3–4. Wynne, Alexander (2007). The Origin of Buddhist Meditation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-09741-8.
Whicher 1998, pp. 18–19. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Jacobsen 2011, p. 8. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Whicher 1998, pp. 25–26. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Jacobsen 2011, p. 9. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Wynne 2007, p. 33. Wynne, Alexander (2007). The Origin of Buddhist Meditation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-09741-8.
Jacobsen 2011, p. 10. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Jacobsen 2011, pp. 10–11. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Jacobsen 2011, p. 46. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Johannes Bronkhorst (1993). The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-208-1114-0.
Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. pp. 281 footnote 36. ISBN 978-0-231-14485-8.
Andrew J. Nicholson (2013). Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. Columbia University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-231-14987-7., "From a historical perspective, the Brahmasutras are best understood as a group of sutras composed by multiple authors over the course of hundreds of years, most likely composed in its current form between 400 and 450 BCE."
Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. pp. 281 footnote 40, 297. ISBN 978-0-231-14485-8.
Müller 1899, p. 104. Müller, Max (1899). Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga, Naya and Vaiseshika. Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Ltd. ISBN 0-7661-4296-5. Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of "The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy."
Stiles 2001, p. x. Stiles, Mukunda (2001). Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With Great Respect and Love. Weiser Books. ISBN 978-1-5786-3201-5.
Larson 2008, pp. 43–45. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Larson 2008, pp. 21–22. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Vivekananda, p. 115. Vivekananda, Swami. Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of Religions. Indic Publication. ISBN 978-1-301-19120-8.
Larson 2008, p. 478. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Rosen, Richard (March 2006). "Guided Meditation". Yoga Journal. p. 121. ISSN 0191-0965.
Mohan, A.G. (2010). Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings. Shambhala Publications. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-59030-800-4.
Larson 2008, p. 479. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Larson 2008, pp. 481–484. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Larson 2008, pp. 485–486. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
John M. Koller (2002). Asian Philosophies. Prentice Hall. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-13-092385-1.
Worthington 1982, p. 35. Worthington, Vivian (1982). A History of Yoga. Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-9258-X.
Whicher 1998, p. 313. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
Larson 2008, pp. 136–139. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Cutler, Norman (1987). Songs of Experience. Indiana University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-253-35334-4.
Larson 2008, pp. 137. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Jacobsen 2011, p. 22. Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). Yoga Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0042-1214-5.
Samuel 2008, p. 9. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3.
Samuel 2008, pp. 324–333. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3.
Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005, p. 13: "This phenomenon merits special attention since yogic roots are to be found in the Zen Buddhist school of meditation." Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul F. (2005). Zen Buddhism: a History: India and China. World Wisdom. ISBN 978-0-941532-89-1.
Akshaya Kumar Banerjea (1983). Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xxi. ISBN 978-81-208-0534-7.
Larson 2008, p. 140. Larson, Gerald James (2008). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Mansukhani, Gobind Singh (2009). Introduction To Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-81-7010-181-9.
Dhillon, Harish (2010). Guru Nanak. Indus Source Books. p. 178. ISBN 978-81-88569-02-1.
Besaw, Kelsie (7 January 2014). The Little Red Book of Yoga Wisdom. Simon and Schuster. p. 10. ISBN 9781628738704.
Sjoman 1999, pp. 39, 47. Sjoman, Norman E. (1999). The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 11, 35. ISBN 81-7017-389-2.
Rosen, Richard (March–April 2001). "T.K.V. Desikachar's English translation of a 700-year-old text introduces Westerners to one of the earliest hatha yoga manuals (Review of Yogayajnavalkya Samhita by T.K.V. Desikachar)". Yoga Journal. pp. 147–149 – via Google Books.
Whicher 1998, pp. 6–7. Whicher, Ian (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.

cambridge.org

Ernst, C.W. (2005). "Situating Sufism and Yoga" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 15–43. doi:10.1017/S1356186304004675. S2CID 53485495.

doi.org

Mallinson, James (2013). "The Yogīs' Latest Trick". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24 (1). Cambridge University Press: 165–180. doi:10.1017/s1356186313000734. S2CID 161393103.
McEvilley, Thomas (1981). "An Archaeology of Yoga". Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 1 (spring): 51. doi:10.1086/RESv1n1ms20166655. ISSN 0277-1322. S2CID 192221643.
De Michelis, Elizabeth (2007). "A Preliminary Survey of Modern Yoga Studies" (PDF). Asian Medicine, Tradition and Modernity. 3 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1163/157342107X207182.
Jain, Andrea (July 2016). "The Early History of Modern Yoga". Modern Yoga. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.163. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
Ross, Alyson; Thomas, Sue (2010). "The Health Benefits of Yoga and Exercise: A Review of Comparison Studies". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 16 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0044. PMID 20105062. S2CID 14130906.
Hayes, M.; Chase, S. (March 2010). "Prescribing Yoga". Primary Care. 37 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.009. PMID 20188996.
Wieland, L. Susan; Skoetz, Nicole; Pilkington, Karen; Vempati, Ramaprabhu; D'Adamo, Christopher R.; Berman, Brian M. (12 January 2017). "Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1). CD010671. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010671.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 5294833. PMID 28076926.
Ernst, C.W. (2005). "Situating Sufism and Yoga" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 15–43. doi:10.1017/S1356186304004675. S2CID 53485495.

economist.com

"The perils of yoga: Conservative clerics are wary of a popular pastime". The Economist. 17 May 2014.

ewtn.com

"1989 Letter from Vatican to Bishops on Some Aspects of Christian Meditation". Ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2012.

history.com

"Yoga Landed in the U.S. Way Earlier Than You'd Think—And Fitness Was Not the Point". HISTORY. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2021.

hurriyet.com.tr

"It's OK to stretch, just don't believe". Hurriyet.com.tr. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010.

indianexpress.com

Mishra, Debashree (3 July 2016). "Once Upon A Time: From 1918, this Yoga institute has been teaching generations, creating history". Indian Express. Mumbai.

indiatimes.com

economictimes.indiatimes.com

Doctor, Vikram (15 June 2018). "Bhawanrao Shrinivasrao Pant Pratinidhi: The man who promoted Surya Namaskar". The Economic Times (India).
PTI (15 November 2017). "Meet Nouf Marwaai, the woman behind yoga becoming 'no more a deviant behaviour' in Saudi Arabia". The Economic Times.

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Rajghatta, Chidanand (28 September 2014). "Narendra Modi calls for International Yoga Day". The Times of India.
"UN declares June 21 as 'International Day of Yoga' | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. 11 December 2014.

islam.gov.my

"Sidang Media – Fatwa Yoga". Islam.gov.my. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010. The Fatwas of Religious Council in Islamic affairs on Yoga. After carefully studied various reports and factual data, the Council unanimously agreed that this ancient India religious teachings, which involves physical and mental exercises, are Hinduism in nature known as wahdat al-wujud philosophy (oneness of existence; the realization of identity between the Self in man, Atman; and the Divine, BRAHMAN: 'Brahman is all, and Atman is Brahman'). It is prohibited (haram) for Muslims to practice it.

jstor.org

Doniger, Wendy (2011). "God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva". Social Research. 78 (2): 485–508. ISSN 0037-783X. JSTOR 23347187.
S Pines and T Gelblum (Translators from Arabic to English, 1966), Al-Bīrūni (Translator from Sanskrit to Arabic, ~ 1035 AD), and Patañjali, Al-Bīrūnī's Arabic Version of Patañjali's "Yogasūtra" Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1966), pages 302–325

khecari.com

Mallinson 2012, p. 20, "The techniques of hatha yoga are not taught in Sanskrit texts until the 11th century or thereabouts." Mallinson, James (28 June 2012). "Sāktism and 'Hathayoga'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
Mallinson 2012, pp. 20–21, "The Buddha himself is said to have tried both pressing his tongue to the back of his mouth, in a manner similar to that of the hathayogic khecarīmudrā, and ukkutikappadhāna, a squatting posture which may be related to hathayogic techniques such as mahāmudrā, mahābandha, mahāvedha, mūlabandha, and vajrāsana in which pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, in order to force upwards the breath or Kundalinī." Mallinson, James (28 June 2012). "Sāktism and 'Hathayoga'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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See: Original Sanskrit: Shvetashvatara Upanishad Archived 4 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Book 2, Hymns 8–14;
English Translation: Paul Deussen (German: 1897; English Translated by Bedekar & Palsule, Reprint: 2010), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814677, pages 309–310

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The Pāli and Sanskrit word bhāvanā literally means "development" as in "mental development." For the association of this term with "meditation," see Epstein (1995), p. 105; and, Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 20. As an example from a well-known discourse of the Pali Canon, in "The Greater Exhortation to Rahula" (Maha-Rahulovada Sutta, MN 62), Ven. Sariputta tells Ven. Rahula (in Pali, based on VRI, n.d.): ānāpānassatiṃ, rāhula, bhāvanaṃ bhāvehi. Thanissaro (2006) translates this as: "Rahula, develop the meditation [bhāvana] of mindfulness of in-&-out breathing." (Square-bracketed Pali word included based on Thanissaro, 2006, end note.)

uchicago.edu

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See, for example, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), entry for "jhāna¹"; Thanissaro (1997); as well as, Kapleau (1989), p. 385, for the derivation of the word "zen" from Sanskrit "dhyāna." PTS Secretary Dr. Rupert Gethin, in describing the activities of wandering ascetics contemporaneous with the Buddha, wrote:
"... [T]here is the cultivation of meditative and contemplative techniques aimed at producing what might, for the lack of a suitable technical term in English, be referred to as 'altered states of consciousness'. In the technical vocabulary of Indian religious texts such states come to be termed 'meditations' ([Skt.:] dhyāna / [Pali:] jhāna) or 'concentrations' (samādhi); the attainment of such states of consciousness was generally regarded as bringing the practitioner to deeper knowledge and experience of the nature of the world." (Gethin, 1998, p. 10.)

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unc.edu

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Source: Rigveda Book 5, Chapter 81 Archived 11 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Wikisource
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English Translation: Paul Deussen (German: 1897; English Translated by Bedekar & Palsule, Reprint: 2010), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814677, pages 309–310
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