Zenobia (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Zenobia" in English language version.

Last modified: 17:34:39, 9 August 2026 (UTC)

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academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

Cussini 2012, p. 161. Cussini, Eleonora (2012). "What Women Say and Do (in Aramaic Documents)". In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; Pappi, Cinzia; Ponchia, Simonetta (eds.). Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Leipziger Altorientalistische Studien. Vol. 2. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06659-4. ISSN 2193-4436.
Bland 2011, p. 133. Bland, Roger (2011). "The Coinage of Vabalathus and Zenobia from Antioch and Alexandria". The Numismatic Chronicle. 171. The Royal Numismatic Society. ISSN 2054-9202.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Duruy 1883, p. 295. Duruy, Victor (1883) [1855]. "II". History of Rome and of the Roman people, from its origin to the Invasion of the Barbarians. Vol. VII. Translated by C.F. Jewett Publishing Company. Jewett. OL 24136924M.
Robinson, Chase F. (2010-11-29). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1. p. 77.
Brauer 1975, p. 163. Brauer, George C. (1975). The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244–284. Noyes Press. ISBN 978-0-8155-5036-5.
Hughes 1949, p. 134. Hughes, Philip (1949) [1934]. A History of the Church. Vol. 1: The Church and the World in which the Church was Founded. Sheed & Ward. OCLC 781591449.
Macquarrie 2003, p. 149. Macquarrie, John (2003). Stubborn Theological Questions. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. ISBN 978-0-334-02907-6.
Wright 1895, p. 145. Wright, William (1895). An account of Palmyra and Zenobia, with travels and adventures in Bashan and the desert. Thomas Nelson and Sons.
Slatkin 2001, p. 144. Slatkin, Wendy (2001) [1985]. Women Artists in History: From Antiquity to the Present (4 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-027319-2.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Southern 2008, pp. 3, 173. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Shahîd 1995, p. 296. Shahîd, Irfan (1995). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Part1: Political and Military History). Vol. 1. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0-88402-214-5.
Sartre 2005, p. 551. Sartre, Maurice (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01683-5.
Edwell 2007, p. 230. Edwell, Peter (2007). Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-09573-5.
Stoneman 2003, p. 2. Stoneman, Richard (2003) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Weldon 2008, p. 106. Weldon, Roberta (2008). Hawthorne, Gender, and Death: Christianity and Its Discontents. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-61208-2.
Teixidor 2005, p. 201. Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century". In Cussini, Eleonora (ed.). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Jackson 1983, p. 509. Jackson, Kent P. (1983). "Ammonite Personal Names in the Context of the West Semitic Onomasticon". In Meyers, Carol L.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (eds.). The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday. American Schools of Oriental Research: Special Volume Series. Vol. 1. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931-46419-5.
Coogan 1976, p. 111. Coogan, Michael David (1976). West Semitic Personal Names in the Murašû Documents. Scholars Press. ISBN 978-9-00438-778-2.
Millar 1993, p. 433. Millar, Fergus (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77886-3.
Powers 2010, p. 148. Powers, David S. (2010). "Demonizing Zenobia: The legend of al-Zabbā in Islamic Sources". In Roxani, Eleni Margariti; Sabra, Adam; Sijpesteijn, Petra (eds.). Histories of the Middle East: Studies in Middle Eastern Society, Economy and Law in Honor of A.L. Udovitch. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18427-5.
Lieu 1998, p. 37. Lieu, Samuel N. C (1998). Emmel, Stephen; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (eds.). Manichaeism in Central Asia and China. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. Vol. 45. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10405-1. ISSN 0929-2470.
Gardner 2020, p. 56. Gardner, Iain (2020). The Founder of Manichaeism: Rethinking the Life of Mani. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-49907-1.
Southern 2008, p. 3. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Gibbon 1776, p. 307. Gibbon, Edward (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. I. W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
Southern 2008, p. 16. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Stoneman 2003, p. 10. Stoneman, Richard (2003) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Southern 2008, p. 1. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Retso, Jan (2013-07-04). The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-136-87289-1.
Bryce 2014, p. 297. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Southern 2008, p. 4. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Ball 2016, p. 121. Ball, Warwick (2016). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-29635-5.
Southern 2008, p. 2. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Stoneman 2003, p. 112. Stoneman, Richard (2003) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Stoneman 2003, p. 113. Stoneman, Richard (2003) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Ball 2016, p. 85. Ball, Warwick (2016). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-29635-5.
Dodgeon & Lieu 2002, p. 73. Dodgeon, Michael H.; Lieu, Samuel N. C (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96113-9.
Hartmann 2001, p. 117. Hartmann, Udo (2001). Das palmyrenische Teilreich (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07800-9.
Dodgeon & Lieu 2002, p. 371. Dodgeon, Michael H.; Lieu, Samuel N. C (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96113-9.
Ando 2012, p. 209. Ando, Clifford (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-5534-2.
Southern 2008, p. 5. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Teixidor 2005, p. 206. Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century". In Cussini, Eleonora (ed.). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Southern 2008, p. 97. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Potter 2014, p. 263. Potter, David S. (2014). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69477-8.
Southern 2008, p. 188. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Watson 2004, p. 65. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Southern 2008, p. 190. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Burstein 2007, p. 68. Burstein, Stanley Mayer (2007) [2004]. The Reign of Cleopatra. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3871-8.
Southern 2008, p. 116. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 93. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Bryce 2014, p. 298. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Ball 2002, p. 78. Ball, Warwick (2002). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-82387-1.
Rihan 2014, p. 28. Rihan, Mohammad (2014). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-564-8.
Bryce 2014, p. 295. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Southern 2008, p. 12. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Bryce 2014, p. 296. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Edwell 2007, p. 27. Edwell, Peter (2007). Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-09573-5.
Ando 2012, p. 167. Ando, Clifford (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-5534-2.
Butcher 2003, p. 58. Butcher, Kevin (2003). Roman Syria and the Near East. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-715-3.
Dignas & Winter 2007, p. 159. Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
Goldsworthy 2009, p. 61. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). The Fall Of The West: The Death Of The Roman Superpower. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-297-85760-0.
Dignas & Winter 2007, p. 160. Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
Southern 2008, p. 73. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 72. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Franklin 2006, p. 60. Franklin, Margaret Ann (2006). Boccaccio's Heroines: Power and Virtue in Renaissance Society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-5364-6.
Dodgeon & Lieu 2002, p. 81. Dodgeon, Michael H.; Lieu, Samuel N. C (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96113-9.
Bray 1997, p. 276. Bray, John Jefferson (1997). Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics. Wakefield Press. ISBN 978-1-86254-337-9.
Bryce 2014, p. 292. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Watson 2004, p. 58. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Southern 2008, p. 78. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 81. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 84. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 92. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Stoneman 2003, p. 119. Stoneman, Richard (2003) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Bryce 2014, p. 299. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Watson 2004, p. 59. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Watson 2004, p. 60. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Ball 2002, p. 6. Ball, Warwick (2002). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-82387-1.
Young 2003, p. 215. Young, Gary K. (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
Vervaet 2007, p. 137. Vervaet, Frederik J. (2007). "The Reappearance of the Supra-Provincial Commands in the Late Second and Early Third Centuries C.E.: Constitutional and Historical Considerations". In Hekster, Olivier; De Kleijn, Gerda; Slootjes, Daniëlle (eds.). Crises and the Roman Empire: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Nijmegen, June 20–24, 2006. Vol. 7. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16050-7.
Young 2003, p. 214. Young, Gary K. (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
Ando 2012, p. 172. Ando, Clifford (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-5534-2.
Kulikowski 2016, p. 158. Kulikowski, Michael (2016). Imperial Triumph: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84765-437-3.
Andrade 2013, p. 333. Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01205-9.
Potter 2014, p. 262. Potter, David S. (2014). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69477-8.
Southern 2015, p. 150. Southern, Patricia (2015). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-49694-6.
Southern 2008, p. 87. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Millar 1971, p. 9. Millar, Firgus (1971). "Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: the Church, Local Culture and Political Allegiance in Third-Century Syria". Journal of Roman Studies. 61. The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 1–17. doi:10.2307/300003. JSTOR 300003. OCLC 58727367. S2CID 154833601.
Southern 2008, p. 186. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 88. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 89. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Bryce 2014, p. 299. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Southern 2008, p. 91. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 92. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Hartmann 2001, p. 267. Hartmann, Udo (2001). Das palmyrenische Teilreich (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07800-9.
Watson 2004, p. 61. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Young 2003, p. 163. Young, Gary K. (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
Young 2003, p. 162. Young, Gary K. (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
Young 2003, p. 164. Young, Gary K. (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
Southern 2008, p. 114. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 109. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 108. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Dodgeon & Lieu 2002, p. 75. Dodgeon, Michael H.; Lieu, Samuel N. C (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96113-9.
Watson 2004, p. 62. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Watson 2004, p. 63. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Southern 2008, p. 106. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 110. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Bryce & Birkett-Rees 2016, p. 282. Bryce, Trevor; Birkett-Rees, Jessie (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-56210-8.
Smith II 2013, p. 178. Smith II, Andrew M. (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986110-1.
Southern 2008, p. 113. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 190. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Teixidor 2005, p. 204. Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century". In Cussini, Eleonora (ed.). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Bryce 2014, p. 304. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Finlayson 2019, p. 120. Finlayson, Cynthia (2019-01-04). "The Sibylline Oracles and Queen Zenoba of Palmyra". In Hernandez, Alannah Ari (ed.). Apocalypse: Imagining the End. BRILL. pp. 115–129. ISBN 978-1-84888-278-2.
Stoneman 2003, p. 122. Stoneman, Richard (2003) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Young 2003, p. 76. Young, Gary K. (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
Teixidor 2005, p. 205. Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century". In Cussini, Eleonora (ed.). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Watson 2004, p. 64. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Southern 2008, p. 117. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 86. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Watson 2004, p. 66. Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Andrade 2013, p. 335. Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01205-9.
Southern 2008, p. 95. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Southern 2008, p. 96. Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Andrade 2013, p. 336. Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01205-9.
Andrade 2013, p. 337. Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01205-9.
Bagnall 2004, p. 195. Bagnall, Roger S. (2004). Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-796-2.
Butcher 2003, p. 345. Butcher, Kevin (2003). Roman Syria and the Near East. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-715-3.
Ball 2016, p. 489. Ball, Warwick (2016). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-29635-5.
Intagliata 2018, p. 98. Intagliata, Emanuele E. (2018). Palmyra after Zenobia AD 273-750: An Archaeological and Historical Reappraisal. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-785-70942-5.
Teixidor 2005, p. 217. Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century". In Cussini, Eleonora (ed.). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Teixidor 2005, p. 220. Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century". In Cussini, Eleonora (ed.). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Millar 1971, p. 1. Millar, Firgus (1971). "Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: the Church, Local Culture and Political Allegiance in Third-Century Syria". Journal of Roman Studies. 61. The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 1–17. doi:10.2307/300003. JSTOR 300003. OCLC 58727367. S2CID 154833601.
Downey 2015, p. 312. Downey, Glanville (2015) [1961]. History of Antioch. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7773-7.
Stoneman 2003, pp. 149, 151. Stoneman, Richard (2003) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Teixidor 2005, p. 218. Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century". In Cussini, Eleonora (ed.). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Smallwood 1976, p. 532. Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-04491-3.
Smallwood 1976, p. 517. Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-04491-3.
Smallwood 1976, p. 518. Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-04491-3.
Hartmann 2001, p. 330. Hartmann, Udo (2001). Das palmyrenische Teilreich (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07800-9.
Neusner 2010, p. 125. Neusner, Jacob (2010). Narrative and Document in the Rabbinic Canon: The Two Talmuds. Vol. 2. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7618-5211-7.
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