↓ French historian Jean Dumont in La "incomparable” Isabel la Catolica/ The imcomparable Isabel the Catholic, Encuentro Ediciones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada, Madrid, 1993 (Spanish edition), p. 49: “…But in the left [Portuguese] Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician, the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well provided with artillery, could leave the battlefield with its head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But its global result stays after that decided by the withdraw of the Portugal’s King, the surrender... of the Zamora’s fortress on Mars 19, and the multiple adhesions of the nobles to the young princes.”
↓ Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela- La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475-1479): “That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana`s cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of Aljubarrota, still alive in the Castilian memory”.
↓ Mª Monserrat Léon Guerrero in El segundo viaje colombino, University of Valladolid, 2000, chapter 2, p.49.
↓ Mª Monserrat Léon Guerrero in El segundo viaje colombino, University of Valladolid, 2000, chapter 2, p.50.
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↓ Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro: "...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Kings raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God grant them on that occasion, the same fact [the Battle of Toro] was festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal” in La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía históricaArkivigite je 2012-01-25 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine, in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901, p. 250.
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↓ Spanish academic António M. Serrano: " From all of this it is deductible that the battle [of Toro]
was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since March 1, 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juan's eagle [the commemorative temple of the Battle of Toro] ." in San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de ToroArkivigite je 2012-03-12 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine, revista Toletum, 1979(9) p.55-70. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. ISSN: 0210-6310Arkivigite je 2011-09-30 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
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↓ António Rumeu de Armas- book description, MAPFRE, Madrid, 1992, page 88.
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↓ chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian): "(...) the [Castilian] horsemen (...) moved forward(…).They were received by prince D. John… which charge… they couldn’t stand but instead were defeated and ran away " in
Historia General de España, tome V chapter X, p. 299,300.
↓ chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian): "...the enemy led by prince D. John of Portugal, who without suffering defeat, stood on a hill with his forces in good order until very late (...). Thus, both forces [Castilian and Portuguese]
remained face to face for some hours; and the Portuguese kept their position during more time (...)" in Historia General de España, tome V chapter X, p. 299,300.
google.fr
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↓ French historian Joseph-Louis Desormeaŭ: "... The result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand defeated the enemy´s right wing led by Alfonso, but the Prince had the same advantage over the Castilians." In
Abrégé chronologique de l´histoire de l´Éspagne, Duchesne, Paris, 1758, 3rd Tome, p. 25.
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↓ Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado: "...The battle [of Toro] was fierce and uncertain, and because of that both sides attributed themselves the victory. Prince John, the son of Alfonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victory's propaganda." In Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474-1482), 2006, p.195, 196.
Battle of Guinea: ↓ Alonso de Palencia, Década IV, Book XXXIII, Chapter V ( “Disaster among those sent to the mines of gold [Guinea]. Charges against the King…”), p.91-94. This was a decisive battle because after it and in spite of the Catholic Kings` tries, they were unable to sent new fleets to Guinea, Canary or to any part of the Portuguese empire until the end of the War. The Perfect Prince sent an order to drown any Castilian crew captured in Guinea waters. Even the Castilian navies which left to Guinea before the signature of the peace treaty had to pay the tax (“quinto”) to the Portuguese crown when returned to Castile after the peace treaty. Isabella had to ask permission to Afonso V so that this tax could be paid in Castilian harbours. Naturally all this caused grudge against the Catholic Monarchs in Andalusia.
↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius “In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, …” in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415-1580, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.
: ↓ Alonso de Palencia, Decada IV, Book XXXI, Chapters VIII and IX (“preparation of 2 fleets [to Guinea and to Canary, respectively] so that with them King Ferdinand crush its enemies [the Portuguese]...").
↓ Alonso de Palencia, Decada IV, book XXXII, chapter III: on 1478 a Portuguese fleet intercepted the armada of 25 navies sent by Ferdinand to conquer Gran Canary - capturing 5 of its navies plus 200 Castilians - and forced it to fled hastily and definitively from the Canary waters. This victory allowed Prince John to use the Canary Islands as an “exchange coin” in the peace treaty of Alcáçovas.
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↓ chronicler Rui de Pina (Portuguese): "And being the two enemy battles face to face, the Castilian battle was deeply agitated and showing clear signs of defeat if attacked as it was without King and dubious of the outcome.(...) And without discipline and with great disorder they went to Zamora. So being the Prince alone on the field without suffering defeat but inflicting it on the adversary he became heir and master of his own victory" in Chronica de El- rei D.Affonso V... 3rd book, chapter ĈCI.
↓ A. Ballesteros Beretta: "His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(…) both sides attributed themselves the victory…. The letters written by the King [Ferdinand] to the the main cities… are a model of skill. (…) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic [Ferdinand] achieved the fruits of a discussed victory.” In Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de EspañaArkivigite je 2012-07-02 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine, Ejército revue , nr 16, p.56, May 1941.
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↓ chronicler Damião de Góis (Portuguese): "(…)these Castilians who were on the right of the Castilian Royal battle, received [the charge of] the Prince’s men as brave knights invoking Santiago but they couldn’t resist them and began to flee, and [so] our men killed and arrested many of them, and among those who escaped some took refuge (…) in their Royal battle that was on left of these six [Castilian] divisions. " in Chronica do Principe D. Joam, chapter LXXVIII.
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↓ Spanish academic António M. Serrano: " From all of this it is deductible that the battle [of Toro]
was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since March 1, 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juan's eagle [the commemorative temple of the Battle of Toro] ." in San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de ToroArkivigite je 2012-03-12 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine, revista Toletum, 1979(9) p.55-70. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. ISSN: 0210-6310Arkivigite je 2011-09-30 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
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↓ Quesada, Portugueses en la frontera de Granada, 2000, p.98. In 1476 Ceuta was simoultaneously besieged by the moors and a Castilian army led by the Duke of Medina Sidónia. The Castilians conquered the city to the Portuguese who got refuge in the inner fortress, but a Portuguese fleet arrived “in extremis” and regained the city. A dominated Ceuta by the Castilians would certainly have forced a share of the right to conquer Fez (Morocco) between Portugal and Castile instead of the Portuguese monopoly as it happened.
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↓ Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez Casas: "...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms." In San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio in Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia, number 56, p.364, 1990.
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↓ Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro: "...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Kings raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God grant them on that occasion, the same fact [the Battle of Toro] was festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal” in La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía históricaArkivigite je 2012-01-25 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine, in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901, p. 250.
↓ Spanish academic António M. Serrano: " From all of this it is deductible that the battle [of Toro]
was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since March 1, 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juan's eagle [the commemorative temple of the Battle of Toro] ." in San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de ToroArkivigite je 2012-03-12 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine, revista Toletum, 1979(9) p.55-70. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. ISSN: 0210-6310Arkivigite je 2011-09-30 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
↓ A. Ballesteros Beretta: "His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(…) both sides attributed themselves the victory…. The letters written by the King [Ferdinand] to the the main cities… are a model of skill. (…) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic [Ferdinand] achieved the fruits of a discussed victory.” In Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de EspañaArkivigite je 2012-07-02 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine, Ejército revue , nr 16, p.56, May 1941.
↓ chronicler Garcia de Resende (Portuguese): "... And being the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince to attack the enemy with his and God's blessing, which he obeyed (…). (…) and after the sound of the trumpets and screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not stand the hard fight and were rapidly beaten and put on the run with great losses." In Vida e feitos d’El Rei D.João II, chapter XIII.
