Mawer, Allen. (1913) The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 095173394X. “The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'”.
Holman, Catherine. (2003) Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810865890. “Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries...”.
Simpson, Jacqueline. (1980) The Viking World. Batsford. ISBN 0713407778. “Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian...”.
Davies, Norman. (1999) The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030737. “The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group”.
Mawer, Allen. (1913) The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 095173394X. “The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'”.
Holman, Catherine. (2003) Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810865890. “Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries...”.
Simpson, Jacqueline. (1980) The Viking World. Batsford. ISBN 0713407778. “Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian...”.
Davies, Norman. (1999) The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030737. “The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group”.
Oxford Dictionaries. (2011) Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199601103. “Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries...”.
. Vikings. Random House (2019). Arkivita el la originalo je 12a de Decembro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain.”.
. Viking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2010). Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.”.
. Viking. Cambridge University Press. Arkivita el la originalo je 6a de Majo 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.”.
britannica.com
Viking. Arkivita el la originalo je 5a de Majo 2019. Alirita 30a de Septembro 2018 . “Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were...”.
Denmark: The Viking Era. Arkivita el la originalo je 30a de Septembro 2018. Alirita 30a de Septembro 2018 . “Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland”.
Oxford Dictionaries. (2011) Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199601103. “Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries...”.
. Vikings. Random House (2019). Arkivita el la originalo je 12a de Decembro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain.”.
. Viking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2010). Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.”.
. Viking. Cambridge University Press. Arkivita el la originalo je 6a de Majo 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.”.
Régis Boyer, «Les Varègues, ces Vikings qui firent la Russie? (La varengoj, ĉu vikingoj kiuj faris Rusion?)» sur Clio.frArkivigite je 2010-11-27 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
collinsdictionary.com
Oxford Dictionaries. (2011) Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199601103. “Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries...”.
. Vikings. Random House (2019). Arkivita el la originalo je 12a de Decembro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain.”.
. Viking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2010). Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.”.
. Viking. Cambridge University Press. Arkivita el la originalo je 6a de Majo 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.”.
dictionary.com
Oxford Dictionaries. (2011) Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199601103. “Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries...”.
. Vikings. Random House (2019). Arkivita el la originalo je 12a de Decembro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain.”.
. Viking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2010). Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.”.
. Viking. Cambridge University Press. Arkivita el la originalo je 6a de Majo 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.”.
Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil; Ingason, Andrés; Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Korneliussen, Thorfinn (Septembro 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world".Nature. 585 (7825): 390–396. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..390M. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. hdl:10852/83989. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32939067. S2CID 221769227. Arkivite el la originalo la 26an de Marto 2021. Alirita la 21an de Januaro 2021.
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil; Ingason, Andrés; Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Korneliussen, Thorfinn (Septembro 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world".Nature. 585 (7825): 390–396. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..390M. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. hdl:10852/83989. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32939067. S2CID 221769227. Arkivite el la originalo la 26an de Marto 2021. Alirita la 21an de Januaro 2021.
Oxford Dictionaries. (2011) Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199601103. “Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries...”.
. Vikings. Random House (2019). Arkivita el la originalo je 12a de Decembro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries”.
. Viking. HarperCollins. Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain.”.
. Viking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2010). Arkivita el la originalo je 7a de Oktobro 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.”.
. Viking. Cambridge University Press. Arkivita el la originalo je 6a de Majo 2019. Alirita 12a de Decembro 2019 . “Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.”.
Viking. Arkivita el la originalo je 5a de Majo 2019. Alirita 30a de Septembro 2018 . “Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were...”.
Denmark: The Viking Era. Arkivita el la originalo je 30a de Septembro 2018. Alirita 30a de Septembro 2018 . “Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland”.
Régis Boyer, «Les Varègues, ces Vikings qui firent la Russie? (La varengoj, ĉu vikingoj kiuj faris Rusion?)» sur Clio.frArkivigite je 2010-11-27 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
