«Atheism». Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archivado desde el original el 12 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.»
«Atheism». Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archivado desde el original el 12 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.»
Wallace, B. Alan Ph.D. (November 1999). «Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?». National Conference of the American Academy of Religion lectures. Boston, MA. p. 8. Archivado desde el original el 4 de marzo de 2016. Consultado el 22 de julio de 2014."Thus, in light of the theoretical progression from the bhavaºga to the tath›gatagarbha to the primordial wisdom of the absolute space of reality, Buddhism is not so simply non-theistic as it may appear at first glance."
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN0-06-463461-2. Archivado desde el original el 13 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought».
Barker, 2008, p. 96: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN978-1-56975-677-5. OL24313839M.
Flew, 1976, pp. 14ff: «En esta interpretación se convierte en un ateo: no alguien que afirme claramente la no existencia de Dios, sino alguien que simplemente no sea un teísta. Vamos, para una pronta referencia futura, a introducir las etiquetas 'ateo positivo' para el primero y 'ateo negativo' para el segundo». Flew, Antony (1976). The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality. New York: Barnes and Noble.
Baggini, 2003, pp. 30–34. «Quién afirma seriamente que deberíamos decir 'Yo no creo ni niego que el papa es un robot', o 'En cuanto a si comer o no este trozo de chocolate me convertirá en un elefante soy completamente agnóstico'. Ante la ausencia de buenas razones para creer esas afirmaciones extravagantes, nosotros adecuadamente desconfiamos de ellas, no nos limitamos a suspender el juicio.» Baggini, Julian (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-280424-3.
Baggini, 2003, p. 22. «La falta de una prueba no es razón para la suspensión de la creencia. Esto es porque cuando tenemos una falta de la prueba absoluta podemos tener todavía evidencia abrumadora o una explicación que es de lejos muy superior a las alternativas». Baggini, Julian (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-280424-3.
Winston, Robert (Ed.) (2004). Human. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. p. 299. ISBN0-7566-1901-7. «Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods.»
Smith, 1979, p. 275. «Entre los muchos mitos asociados con la religión, ninguno es tan difundido, o con efectos más desastrosos, que el mito que los valores morales no pueden divorciarse de la creencia de un dios». In Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov (Book Eleven: Brother Ivan Fyodorovich, Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that If there is no God, all things are permitted.: "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'" Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN0-87975-124-X. LCCN79002726. OL4401616M.
Rowe, 1998: "Tal como se entiende, el ateísmo es la postura que afirma la inexistencia de Dios. Por lo que un ateo es alguien que no cree en Dios, mientras que un teísta es alguien que cree en Dios. Otro significado de 'ateísmo' es simplemente no creer en la existencia de Dios, más que la creencia positiva en la inexistencia de Dios. ...un ateo, en el sentido amplio del término, es alguien que no cree en ninguna de las formas de divinidad, no sólo el Dios de la teología occidental tradicional." Rowe, William L. (1998). «Atheism». En Edward Craig, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-415-07310-3. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
Drachmann, A. B. (1977 ("an unchanged reprint of the 1922 edition")). Atheism in Pagan Antiquity(en inglés). Chicago: Ares Publishers. ISBN0-89005-201-8. «Ateísmo y ateo son palabras formadas a partir de raíces griegas y con terminaciones derivadas del griego. Sin embargo, no son griegas, su formación no está en consonancia con el lenguaje griego. En griego se dice atheos y atheotēs. A estas las palabras en inglés ungodly (impío) y ungodliness (impiedad) corresponden con bastante exactitud. Exactamente de la misma manera que impío, atheos fue utilizado como una expresión de severa censura y condena moral. Este uso es antiguo, y el más antiguo que se puede rastrear. No es sino hasta más tarde que lo encontramos empleado para referirse a un credo filosófico determinado.»
Martin, 1990, pp. 467–468: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN0-87722-943-0. Archivado desde el original el 19 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
Flint, 1903, pp. 49–51: "The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon one." Flint, Robert (1903). Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88. William Blackwood and Sons. OL7193167M.
Holland, Aaron. «Agnosticism», in Flynn, 2007, p. 34: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable."
Martin, 2006, p. 2: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism entails negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist might disbelieve in God but need not." Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-84270-0. OL22379448M. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2013.
Barker, 2008, p. 96: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN978-1-56975-677-5. OL24313839M.
Besant, Annie. «Why Should Atheists Be Persecuted?». in Bradlaugh et al., 1884, pp. 185–186: "The Atheist waits for proof of God. Till that proof comes he remains, as his name implies, without God. His mind is open to every new truth, after it has passed the warder Reason at the gate." Bradlaugh, Charles; Besant, Annie; Bradlaugh, Alice; Moss, A. B.; Cattell, C. C.; Standring, G.; Aveling, E. (1884). The Atheistic Platform. London: Freethought Publishing.
Holyoake, George Jacob (1842). «Mr. Mackintosh's New God». The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated1 (23): 186. «On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.»
Johnson, Philip et al. (2005). «Religious and Non-Religious Spirituality in the Western World ("New Age")». En David Claydon et al., ed. A New Vision, A New Heart, A Renewed Call2 (William Carey Library). p. 194. ISBN978-0-87808-364-0. «Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices ... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).»
Matthews, Carol S. (2009). New Religions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN978-0-7910-8096-2. «No hay una cosmovisión única que todos los neopaganos o wiccanos adhieran. Una fuente de información en línea indica que dependiendo de cómo sea definido el término Dios, los neopaganos podrían ser clasificados como monoteístas, diteístas (dos dioses), politeístas, panteístas, o ateos.»
Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 65. ISBN978-81-208-0899-7. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2014. «For the thoroughgoing atheist, the path is extremely difficult, if not lonely, for he can not develop any relationship of love with God, nor can he expect any divine help on the long and arduous journey.»
Human Rights, Virtue, and the Common Good. Rowman & Littlefield. 1996. ISBN978-0-8476-8279-9. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law.»
The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. Wiley-Blackwell. 11 de mayo de 2009. ISBN978-1-4051-7657-6. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzsche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzsche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts".»
Victorian Subjects. Duke University Press. 1991. ISBN978-0-8223-1110-2. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «Like other mid-nineteenth-century writers, George Eliot was not fully aware of the implications of her humanism, and, as Nietzsche saw, attempted the difficult task of upholding the Christian morality of altruism without faith in the Christian God.»
Ethics for a Brave New World, Second Edition (Updated and Expanded). Stand To Reason. 4 de noviembre de 2010. ISBN978-1-58134-712-8. Consultado el 18 de octubre de 2007. «Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'».
Vergil, Polydore (c. 1534). English history. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «Godd would not longe suffer this impietie, or rather atheonisme.»
Burton, Robert (1621). «deist». The Anatomy of Melancholy. Part III, section IV. II. i. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «Cousin-germans to these men are many of our great Philosophers and Deists».
William H. Swatos; Daniel V. A. Olson, ed. (2000). The Secularization Debate (chapter by Rodney Stark). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-0-7425-0761-6. Consultado el 19 de agosto de 2011. «Recently, quite amazing time series data on the beliefs of scientists were published in Nature. Leuba's standard for belief in God is so stringent it would exclude a substantial portion of "mainline" clergy. It obviously was an intentional ploy on his part. He wanted to show that men of science were irreligious.»
Stark, Rodney; Finke, Roger. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. University of California Press. Consultado el 19 de agosto de 2011. «Recently, quite amazing time series data on the beliefs of scientists were published in Nature. Leuba's standard for belief in God is so stringent it would exclude a substantial portion of "mainline" clergy. It obviously was an intentional ploy on his part. He wanted to show that men of science were irreligious.»
britannica.com
Nielsen, 2013: "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons ... : for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God ... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers ... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals." Nielsen, Kai (2013). «Atheism». Encyclopædia Britannica. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2013.
Nielsen, 2013:"atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." Nielsen, Kai (2013). «Atheism». Encyclopædia Britannica. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2013.
V.A. Gunasekara, «The Buddhist Attitude to God». Archivado desde el original el 2 de enero de 2008. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."
La palabra αθεοι—en cualquiera de sus formas—no aparece en ningún otro lugar que en la Septuaginta o el Nuevo Testamento. Robertson, A.T. (1960) [1932]. «Ephesians: Chapter 2». Word Pictures in the New Testament(en inglés). Broadman Press. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «Antigua palabra griega, no en la LXX, sólo aquí en el Nuevo Testamento. Ateos en el sentido original de estar sin Dios y también en el sentido de hostilidad hacia Dios por la falta de adoración hacia él. Véanse las palabras de Pablo en Rom 1:18-32.»
Schafersman, Steven D. (February 1997). «Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry». Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. Consultado el 7 de abril de 2011. Revised May 2007
Lyas, Colin (January 1970). «On the Coherence of Christian Atheism». Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy45 (171): 1-19. doi:10.1017/S0031819100009578.
Moreira-almeida, A.; Neto, F.; Koenig, H. G. (2006). «Religiousness and mental health: a review». Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria28 (3): 242-250. PMID16924349. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006.
Joshi, L.R. (1966). «A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism». Philosophy East and West16 (3/4): 189-206. JSTOR1397540. doi:10.2307/1397540.
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham (1998). «Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God». Nature394 (6691): 313-4. PMID9690462. doi:10.1038/28478.La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coautores= (ayuda) Available at StephenJayGould.orgArchivado el 1 de marzo de 2014 en Wayback Machine., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Consultado el 17-12-2006
Schwadel, Philip (2011). «The Effects of Education on Americans' Religious Practices, Beliefs, and Affiliations». Review of Religious Research53 (2): 161. doi:10.1007/s13644-011-0007-4.
Social values, Science and Technology(PDF). Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010. p. 207. Archivado desde el original el 30 de abril de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
Martin, 1990, pp. 467–468: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN0-87722-943-0. Archivado desde el original el 19 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
Smith, 1979, p. 275. «Entre los muchos mitos asociados con la religión, ninguno es tan difundido, o con efectos más desastrosos, que el mito que los valores morales no pueden divorciarse de la creencia de un dios». In Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov (Book Eleven: Brother Ivan Fyodorovich, Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that If there is no God, all things are permitted.: "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'" Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN0-87975-124-X. LCCN79002726. OL4401616M.
«Atheism». Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. Merriam Webster. Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2011. «Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems.»
Pattanaik, Devdutt (18 de agosto de 2009). «63 worthy beings». Mid-day. Archivado desde el original el 27 de septiembre de 2012. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2014.
Moreira-almeida, A.; Neto, F.; Koenig, H. G. (2006). «Religiousness and mental health: a review». Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria28 (3): 242-250. PMID16924349. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006.
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham (1998). «Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God». Nature394 (6691): 313-4. PMID9690462. doi:10.1038/28478.La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coautores= (ayuda) Available at StephenJayGould.orgArchivado el 1 de marzo de 2014 en Wayback Machine., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Consultado el 17-12-2006
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN0-06-463461-2. Archivado desde el original el 13 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought».
Flint, 1903, pp. 49–51: "The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon one." Flint, Robert (1903). Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88. William Blackwood and Sons. OL7193167M.
Martin, 2006, p. 2: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism entails negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist might disbelieve in God but need not." Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-84270-0. OL22379448M. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2013.
Barker, 2008, p. 96: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN978-1-56975-677-5. OL24313839M.
Smith, 1979, p. 275. «Entre los muchos mitos asociados con la religión, ninguno es tan difundido, o con efectos más desastrosos, que el mito que los valores morales no pueden divorciarse de la creencia de un dios». In Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov (Book Eleven: Brother Ivan Fyodorovich, Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that If there is no God, all things are permitted.: "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'" Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN0-87975-124-X. LCCN79002726. OL4401616M.
Simon Blackburn, ed. (2008). «atheism». The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2008 edición). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Consultado el 21 de noviembre de 2013. «Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.»
«Scientists and Belief». Pew Research Center. Consultado el 21 de noviembre de 2013. «A survey of scientists who are members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press in May and June 2009, finds that members of this group are, on the whole, much less religious than the general public.1 Indeed, the survey shows that scientists are roughly half as likely as the general public to believe in God or a higher power. According to the poll, just over half of scientists (51 %) believe in some form of deity or higher power; specifically, 33 % of scientists say they believe in God, while 18 % believe in a universal spirit or higher power.»
philosophyatuta.blogspot.com
Burgess-Jackson, Keith. «Book Review». Philosophy @ UTA blog. Consultado el 20 de abril de 2007.
Winfried Schröder, en: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. Ver también a Rececca Moore en The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), llamando a Knutzen «el primer abogado abierto de una perspectiva atea moderna». enlaceArchivado el 30 de marzo de 2012 en Wayback Machine.
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham (1998). «Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God». Nature394 (6691): 313-4. PMID9690462. doi:10.1038/28478.La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coautores= (ayuda) Available at StephenJayGould.orgArchivado el 1 de marzo de 2014 en Wayback Machine., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Consultado el 17-12-2006
Harris, Sam (2005). «An Atheist Manifesto». Truthdig. Archivado desde el original el 16 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.»
ua.edu
as.ua.edu
«Definitions: Atheism». Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. Consultado el 1 de diciembre de 2012.
«Survey on physicians' religious beliefs shows majority faithful». The University of Chicago. Consultado el 8 de abril de 2011. «The first study of physician religious beliefs has found that 76 percent of doctors believe in God and 59 percent believe in some sort of afterlife. The survey, performed by researchers at the University and published in the July issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, found that 90 percent of doctors in the United States attend religious services at least occasionally compared to 81 percent of all adults.»
See, for example: Pressley, Sue Anne (8 de septiembre de 1996). «Atheist Group Moves Ahead Without O'Hair». The Washington Post (The Washington Post). Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2014.
web.archive.org
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN0-06-463461-2. Archivado desde el original el 13 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought».
«Atheism». Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archivado desde el original el 12 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.»
Martin, 1990, pp. 467–468: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN0-87722-943-0. Archivado desde el original el 19 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
«Atheism». Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archivado desde el original el 12 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.»
Lowder, Jeffery Jay (1997). «Atheism and Society». Archivado desde el original el 22 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
V.A. Gunasekara, «The Buddhist Attitude to God». Archivado desde el original el 2 de enero de 2008. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."
The Raelian Foundation (2005). Intelligent Design. p. 312. Archivado desde el original el 7 de julio de 2014. Consultado el 12 de julio de 2014.
Pattanaik, Devdutt (18 de agosto de 2009). «63 worthy beings». Mid-day. Archivado desde el original el 27 de septiembre de 2012. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2014.
Wallace, B. Alan Ph.D. (November 1999). «Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?». National Conference of the American Academy of Religion lectures. Boston, MA. p. 8. Archivado desde el original el 4 de marzo de 2016. Consultado el 22 de julio de 2014."Thus, in light of the theoretical progression from the bhavaºga to the tath›gatagarbha to the primordial wisdom of the absolute space of reality, Buddhism is not so simply non-theistic as it may appear at first glance."
«Humanistic Judaism». BBC. 20 de julio de 2006. Archivado desde el original el 16 de abril de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
Harris, Sam (2005). «An Atheist Manifesto». Truthdig. Archivado desde el original el 16 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011. «In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.»
Winfried Schröder, en: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. Ver también a Rececca Moore en The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), llamando a Knutzen «el primer abogado abierto de una perspectiva atea moderna». enlaceArchivado el 30 de marzo de 2012 en Wayback Machine.
«Aquel que creó a Dios fue un tonto, aquel que propaga su nombre es un canalla, y aquel que lo adora es un bárbaro.» Hiorth, Finngeir (1996). "Atheism in South India". Unión Internacional Humanista Ética, International Humanist News. Consultado el 30-05-2007
Social values, Science and Technology(PDF). Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010. p. 207. Archivado desde el original el 30 de abril de 2011. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011.
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham (1998). «Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God». Nature394 (6691): 313-4. PMID9690462. doi:10.1038/28478.La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coautores= (ayuda) Available at StephenJayGould.orgArchivado el 1 de marzo de 2014 en Wayback Machine., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Consultado el 17-12-2006
Holyoake, George Jacob (1842). «Mr. Mackintosh's New God». The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated1 (23): 186. «On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.»
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Hume, 1748, Part III: "If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? n.º Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? n.º Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion." Hume, David (1748). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. London.
Hanmer, Meredith (1577). The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius. London. p. 63. OCLC55193813. «The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.»