Litvinsky, B. A.; Jalilov, A. H.; Kolesnikov, A. I. (1996). «The Arab Conquest». En Litvinsky, B. A., ed. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. París: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 449-472. ISBN92-3-103211-9.
Stanley Ghosh (1961). Embers in Cathay. Doubleday. p. 60. «During the reign of Abbassid Caliph Abu Giafar in the middle of the 8th century, many Arab soldiers evidently settled near the garrisons on the Chinese frontier.»