Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R. et al. (March 2014). «The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). II. Bright Southern Stars». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series211 (1). 10. Bibcode:2014ApJS..211...10S. arXiv:1312.6222. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/10.
Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Nelan, E. P.; Gies, D. R.; Wallace, D. J.; DeGioia-Eastwood, K. et al. (February 2014). «A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors». The Astronomical Journal147 (2). 40. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...40C. arXiv:1311.5087. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/40.
Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (February 2010). «Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society402 (2): 1369-1379. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1369L. arXiv:0911.1335. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x.
Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (October 2003). «Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I». The Astronomical Journal126 (4): 2048-2059. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. doi:10.1086/378365.
Cenarro, A. J.; Peletier, R. F.; Sanchez-Blazquez, P.; Selam, S. O.; Toloba, E.; Cardiel, N.; Falcon-Barroso, J.; Gorgas, J.; Jimenez-Vicente, J.; Vazdekis, A. (January 2007). «Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society374 (2): 664-690. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.374..664C. arXiv:astro-ph/0611618. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11196.x.
Smith, Myron A. et ál. (2011). «An Encoding System to Represent Stellar Spectral Classes in Archival Databases and Catalogs». arXiv:1112.3617 [astro-ph.SR].
Maíz Apellániz, J.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Morrell, N. I.; Niemela, V. S.; Nelan, E. P. (2007). «Pismis 24-1: The Stellar Upper Mass Limit Preserved». The Astrophysical Journal660 (2): 1480-1485. Bibcode:2007ApJ...660.1480M. arXiv:astro-ph/0612012. doi:10.1086/513098.
Fariña, Cecilia; Bosch, Guillermo L.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Barbá, Rodolfo H.; Walborn, Nolan R. (2009). «Spectroscopic Study of the N159/N160 Complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud». The Astronomical Journal138 (2): 510-516. Bibcode:2009AJ....138..510F. arXiv:0907.1033. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/510.
Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; De Becker, M.; Foellmi, C.; Moffat, A. F. J. (2007). «Early-type stars in the core of the young open cluster Westerlund 2». Astronomy and Astrophysics463 (3): 981-991. Bibcode:2007A&A...463..981R. arXiv:astro-ph/0612622. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066495.
Norris, Jackson M.; Wright, Jason T.; Wade, Richard A.; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Gettel, Sara (December 2011). «Non-detection of the Putative Substellar Companion to HD 149382». The Astrophysical Journal743 (1). 88. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743...88N. arXiv:1110.1384. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/88.
Miszalski, B.; Crowther, P. A.; De Marco, O.; Köppen, J.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Acker, A.; Hillwig, T. C. (2012). «IC 4663: The first unambiguous [WN] Wolf-Rayet central star of a planetary nebula». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society423: 934-947. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.423..934M. arXiv:1203.3303. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20929.x.
Kirkpatrick, J. D. (2008). «Outstanding Issues in Our Understanding of L, T, and Y Dwarfs». 14th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars384: 85. Bibcode:2008ASPC..384...85K. arXiv:0704.1522.
Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. S.; Allard, F.; Hauschildt, P. H. (May 2003). «Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458». Astronomy and Astrophysics402 (2): 701-712. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..701B. arXiv:astro-ph/0302293. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Barman, Travis S.; Burgasser, Adam J.; McGovern, Mark R.; McLean, Ian S.; Tinney, Christopher G.; Lowrance, Patrick J. (2006). «Discovery of a Very Young Field L Dwarf, 2MASS J01415823−4633574». The Astrophysical Journal639 (2): 1120-1128. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639.1120K. arXiv:astro-ph/0511462. doi:10.1086/499622.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Beichman, Charles A.; Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam; Mace, Gregory N. (2013). «Discovery of the Y1 Dwarf WISE J064723.23-623235.5». The Astrophysical Journal776 (2): 128. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776..128K. arXiv:1308.5372. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128.
Leggett, S. K.; Cushing, Michael C.; Saumon, D.; Marley, M. S.; Roellig, T. L.; Warren, S. J.; Burningham, Ben; Jones, H. R. A.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Lodieu, N.; Lucas, P. W.; Mainzer, A. K.; Martín, E. L.; McCaughrean, M. J.; Pinfield, D. J.; Sloan, G. C.; Smart, R. L.; Tamura, M.; Van Cleve, J. (2009). «The Physical Properties of Four ∼600 K T Dwarfs». The Astrophysical Journal695 (2): 1517-1526. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695.1517L. arXiv:0901.4093. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517.
Delorme, P.; Delfosse, X.; Albert, L.; Artigau, E.; Forveille, T.; Reylé, C.; Allard, F.; Homeier, D.; Robin, A. C.; Willott, C. J.; Liu, M. C.; Dupuy, T. J. (2008). «CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3: Reaching the T-Y brown dwarf transition?». Astronomy and Astrophysics482 (3): 961-971. Bibcode:2008A&A...482..961D. arXiv:0802.4387. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079317.
Burningham, Ben; Pinfield, D. J.; Leggett, S. K.; Tamura, M.; Lucas, P. W.; Homeier, D.; Day-Jones, A.; Jones, H. R. A.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Ishii, M.; Kuzuhara, M.; Lodieu, N.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Venemans, B. P.; Mortlock, D. J.; Barrado y Navascués, D.; Martin, E. L.; Magazzù, A. (2008). «Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ∼550 K». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society391: 320-333. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..320B. arXiv:0806.0067. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x.
«The Colour of Stars». Australia Telescope Outreach and Education. 21 de diciembre de 2004. Archivado desde el original el 10 de marzo de 2012. Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2007. — Explains the reason for the difference in color perception.
daviddarling.info
Darling, David. «late-type star». The Internet Encyclopedia of Science. Consultado el 14 de octubre de 2007.
doi.org
dx.doi.org
Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R. et al. (March 2014). «The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). II. Bright Southern Stars». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series211 (1). 10. Bibcode:2014ApJS..211...10S. arXiv:1312.6222. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/10.
Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Nelan, E. P.; Gies, D. R.; Wallace, D. J.; DeGioia-Eastwood, K. et al. (February 2014). «A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors». The Astronomical Journal147 (2). 40. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...40C. arXiv:1311.5087. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/40.
Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (February 2010). «Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society402 (2): 1369-1379. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1369L. arXiv:0911.1335. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x.
Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (October 2003). «Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I». The Astronomical Journal126 (4): 2048-2059. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. doi:10.1086/378365.
Cenarro, A. J.; Peletier, R. F.; Sanchez-Blazquez, P.; Selam, S. O.; Toloba, E.; Cardiel, N.; Falcon-Barroso, J.; Gorgas, J.; Jimenez-Vicente, J.; Vazdekis, A. (January 2007). «Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society374 (2): 664-690. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.374..664C. arXiv:astro-ph/0611618. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11196.x.
Maíz Apellániz, J.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Morrell, N. I.; Niemela, V. S.; Nelan, E. P. (2007). «Pismis 24-1: The Stellar Upper Mass Limit Preserved». The Astrophysical Journal660 (2): 1480-1485. Bibcode:2007ApJ...660.1480M. arXiv:astro-ph/0612012. doi:10.1086/513098.
Fariña, Cecilia; Bosch, Guillermo L.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Barbá, Rodolfo H.; Walborn, Nolan R. (2009). «Spectroscopic Study of the N159/N160 Complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud». The Astronomical Journal138 (2): 510-516. Bibcode:2009AJ....138..510F. arXiv:0907.1033. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/510.
Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; De Becker, M.; Foellmi, C.; Moffat, A. F. J. (2007). «Early-type stars in the core of the young open cluster Westerlund 2». Astronomy and Astrophysics463 (3): 981-991. Bibcode:2007A&A...463..981R. arXiv:astro-ph/0612622. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066495.
Rountree Lesh, J. (1968). «The Kinematics of the Gould Belt: An Expanding Group?». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series17: 371. Bibcode:1968ApJS...17..371L. doi:10.1086/190179.
Nassau, J. J.; Seyfert, Carl K. (March 1946). «Spectra of BD Stars Within Five Degrees of the North Pole». Astrophysical Journal103: 117. Bibcode:1946ApJ...103..117N. doi:10.1086/144796.
Sandage, A. (December 1969). «New subdwarfs. II. Radial velocities, photometry, and preliminary space motions for 112 stars with large proper motion». Astrophysical Journal158: 1115. Bibcode:1969ApJ...158.1115S. doi:10.1086/150271.
Norris, Jackson M.; Wright, Jason T.; Wade, Richard A.; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Gettel, Sara (December 2011). «Non-detection of the Putative Substellar Companion to HD 149382». The Astrophysical Journal743 (1). 88. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743...88N. arXiv:1110.1384. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/88.
Walborn, N. R. (1971). «Algunas características espectroscópicas de las estrellas OB: Una Investigación de la Distribución Espacial de Ciertas Estrellas OB y el Marco de Referencia de la Clasificación». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series23: 257. Bibcode:1971ApJS..23..257W. doi:10.1086/190239.
Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Skalkowski, Gwen; Morrell, Nidia I.; Drissen, Laurent; Parker, Joel Wm. (2002). «A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2». The Astronomical Journal123 (5): 2754-2771. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. doi:10.1086/339831.
Figer, Donald F.; McLean, Ian S.; Najarro, Francisco (1997). «AK‐Band Spectral Atlas of Wolf‐Rayet Stars». The Astrophysical Journal486: 420-434. Bibcode:1997ApJ...486..420F. doi:10.1086/304488.
Tinkler, C. M.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2002). «Mass-loss rates of H-rich central stars of planetary nebulae as distance indicators?». Astronomy and Astrophysics384 (3): 987-998. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..987T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020061.
Miszalski, B.; Crowther, P. A.; De Marco, O.; Köppen, J.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Acker, A.; Hillwig, T. C. (2012). «IC 4663: The first unambiguous [WN] Wolf-Rayet central star of a planetary nebula». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society423: 934-947. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.423..934M. arXiv:1203.3303. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20929.x.
Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. S.; Allard, F.; Hauschildt, P. H. (May 2003). «Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458». Astronomy and Astrophysics402 (2): 701-712. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..701B. arXiv:astro-ph/0302293. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Reid, I. Neill; Liebert, James; Cutri, Roc M.; Nelson, Brant; Beichman, Charles A.; Dahn, Conard C.; Monet, David G.; Gizis, John E.; Skrutskie, Michael F. (10 de julio de 1999). «Dwarfs Cooler than M: the Definition of Spectral Type L Using Discovery from the 2-µ ALL-SKY Survey (2MASS)». The Astrophysical Journal519 (2): 802-833. Bibcode:1999ApJ...519..802K. doi:10.1086/307414.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Barman, Travis S.; Burgasser, Adam J.; McGovern, Mark R.; McLean, Ian S.; Tinney, Christopher G.; Lowrance, Patrick J. (2006). «Discovery of a Very Young Field L Dwarf, 2MASS J01415823−4633574». The Astrophysical Journal639 (2): 1120-1128. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639.1120K. arXiv:astro-ph/0511462. doi:10.1086/499622.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Beichman, Charles A.; Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam; Mace, Gregory N. (2013). «Discovery of the Y1 Dwarf WISE J064723.23-623235.5». The Astrophysical Journal776 (2): 128. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776..128K. arXiv:1308.5372. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128.
Leggett, S. K.; Cushing, Michael C.; Saumon, D.; Marley, M. S.; Roellig, T. L.; Warren, S. J.; Burningham, Ben; Jones, H. R. A.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Lodieu, N.; Lucas, P. W.; Mainzer, A. K.; Martín, E. L.; McCaughrean, M. J.; Pinfield, D. J.; Sloan, G. C.; Smart, R. L.; Tamura, M.; Van Cleve, J. (2009). «The Physical Properties of Four ∼600 K T Dwarfs». The Astrophysical Journal695 (2): 1517-1526. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695.1517L. arXiv:0901.4093. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517.
Delorme, P.; Delfosse, X.; Albert, L.; Artigau, E.; Forveille, T.; Reylé, C.; Allard, F.; Homeier, D.; Robin, A. C.; Willott, C. J.; Liu, M. C.; Dupuy, T. J. (2008). «CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3: Reaching the T-Y brown dwarf transition?». Astronomy and Astrophysics482 (3): 961-971. Bibcode:2008A&A...482..961D. arXiv:0802.4387. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079317.
Burningham, Ben; Pinfield, D. J.; Leggett, S. K.; Tamura, M.; Lucas, P. W.; Homeier, D.; Day-Jones, A.; Jones, H. R. A.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Ishii, M.; Kuzuhara, M.; Lodieu, N.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Venemans, B. P.; Mortlock, D. J.; Barrado y Navascués, D.; Martin, E. L.; Magazzù, A. (2008). «Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ∼550 K». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society391: 320-333. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..320B. arXiv:0806.0067. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x.
Sion, E. M.; Greenstein, J. L.; Landstreet, J. D.; Liebert, J.; Shipman, H. L.; Wegner, G. A. (1983). «A proposed new white dwarf spectral classification system». Astrophysical Journal269: 253. Bibcode:1983ApJ...269..253S. doi:10.1086/161036.
McCook, George P.; Sion, Edward M. (1999). «A Catalog of Spectroscopically Identified White Dwarfs». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series121: 1-130. Bibcode:1999ApJS..121....1M. doi:10.1086/313186.
Tables VII, VIII, Empirical bolometric corrections for the main-sequence, G. M. H. J. Habets and J. R. W. Heinze, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series46 (November 1981), pp. 193–237, Bibcode: 1981A&AS...46..193H
. Luminosities are derived from Mbol figures, using Mbol(☉)=4.75.
Ledrew, Glenn (February 2001). «The Real Starry Sky». Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada95: 32. Bibcode:2001JRASC..95...32L.
Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R. et al. (March 2014). «The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). II. Bright Southern Stars». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series211 (1). 10. Bibcode:2014ApJS..211...10S. arXiv:1312.6222. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/10.
Russell, Henry Norris (March 1914). «Relations Between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of the Stars». Popular Astronomy22: 275-294. Bibcode:1914PA.....22..275R.
Payne, Cecilia Helena (1925). Stellar Atmospheres; a Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars (Ph.D). Radcliffe College. Bibcode:1925PhDT.........1P.
Morgan, William Wilson; Keenan, Philip Childs; Kellman, Edith (1943). An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification. The University of Chicago Press. Bibcode:1943assw.book.....M. OCLC1806249.
Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Nelan, E. P.; Gies, D. R.; Wallace, D. J.; DeGioia-Eastwood, K. et al. (February 2014). «A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors». The Astronomical Journal147 (2). 40. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...40C. arXiv:1311.5087. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/40.
Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (February 2010). «Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society402 (2): 1369-1379. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1369L. arXiv:0911.1335. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x.
Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (October 2003). «Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I». The Astronomical Journal126 (4): 2048-2059. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. doi:10.1086/378365.
Cenarro, A. J.; Peletier, R. F.; Sanchez-Blazquez, P.; Selam, S. O.; Toloba, E.; Cardiel, N.; Falcon-Barroso, J.; Gorgas, J.; Jimenez-Vicente, J.; Vazdekis, A. (January 2007). «Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society374 (2): 664-690. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.374..664C. arXiv:astro-ph/0611618. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11196.x.
Maíz Apellániz, J.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Morrell, N. I.; Niemela, V. S.; Nelan, E. P. (2007). «Pismis 24-1: The Stellar Upper Mass Limit Preserved». The Astrophysical Journal660 (2): 1480-1485. Bibcode:2007ApJ...660.1480M. arXiv:astro-ph/0612012. doi:10.1086/513098.
Fariña, Cecilia; Bosch, Guillermo L.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Barbá, Rodolfo H.; Walborn, Nolan R. (2009). «Spectroscopic Study of the N159/N160 Complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud». The Astronomical Journal138 (2): 510-516. Bibcode:2009AJ....138..510F. arXiv:0907.1033. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/510.
Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; De Becker, M.; Foellmi, C.; Moffat, A. F. J. (2007). «Early-type stars in the core of the young open cluster Westerlund 2». Astronomy and Astrophysics463 (3): 981-991. Bibcode:2007A&A...463..981R. arXiv:astro-ph/0612622. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066495.
Rountree Lesh, J. (1968). «The Kinematics of the Gould Belt: An Expanding Group?». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series17: 371. Bibcode:1968ApJS...17..371L. doi:10.1086/190179.
Pickering, Edward C. (1890). «The Draper Catalogue of stellar spectra photographed with the 8-inch Bache telescope as a part of the Henry Draper memorial». Annals of Harvard College Observatory27: 1. Bibcode:1890AnHar..27....1P.
Maury, Antonia C.; Pickering, Edward C. (1897). «Spectra of bright stars photographed with the 11 inch Draper Telescope as part of the Henry Draper Memorial». Annals of Harvard College Observatory28: 1. Bibcode:1897AnHar..28....1M.
Cannon, Annie J.; Pickering, Edward C. (1901). «Spectra of bright southern stars photographed with the 13 inch Boyden telescope as part of the Henry Draper Memorial». Annals of Harvard College Observatory28: 129. Bibcode:1901AnHar..28..129C.
Cannon, Annie Jump; Pickering, Edward Charles (1912). «Classification of 1688 southern stars by means of their spectra». Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College56: 115. Bibcode:1912AnHar..56..115C.
Nassau, J. J.; Seyfert, Carl K. (March 1946). «Spectra of BD Stars Within Five Degrees of the North Pole». Astrophysical Journal103: 117. Bibcode:1946ApJ...103..117N. doi:10.1086/144796.
FitzGerald, M. Pim (October 1969). «Comparison Between Spectral-Luminosity Classes on the Mount Wilson and Morgan-Keenan Systems of Classification». Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada63: 251. Bibcode:1969JRASC..63..251P.
Sandage, A. (December 1969). «New subdwarfs. II. Radial velocities, photometry, and preliminary space motions for 112 stars with large proper motion». Astrophysical Journal158: 1115. Bibcode:1969ApJ...158.1115S. doi:10.1086/150271.
Norris, Jackson M.; Wright, Jason T.; Wade, Richard A.; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Gettel, Sara (December 2011). «Non-detection of the Putative Substellar Companion to HD 149382». The Astrophysical Journal743 (1). 88. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743...88N. arXiv:1110.1384. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/88.
Walborn, N. R. (2008). «Multiwavelength Systematics of OB Spectra». Massive Stars: Fundamental Parameters and Circumstellar Interactions (Eds. P. Benaglia33: 5. Bibcode:2008RMxAC..33....5W.
Walborn, N. R. (1971). «Algunas características espectroscópicas de las estrellas OB: Una Investigación de la Distribución Espacial de Ciertas Estrellas OB y el Marco de Referencia de la Clasificación». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series23: 257. Bibcode:1971ApJS..23..257W. doi:10.1086/190239.
Morgan, W. W.; Abt, Helmut A.; Tapscott, J. W. (1978). «Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun». Williams Bay: Observatorio Yerkes. Bibcode:1978rmsa.book.....M.
Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Skalkowski, Gwen; Morrell, Nidia I.; Drissen, Laurent; Parker, Joel Wm. (2002). «A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2». The Astronomical Journal123 (5): 2754-2771. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. doi:10.1086/339831.
Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; De Jager, C. (2000). «Checking the yellow evolutionary void. Three evolutionary critical Hypergiants: HD 33579, HR 8752 & IRC +10420». Astronomy and Astrophysics353: 163. Bibcode:2000A&A...353..163N.
Figer, Donald F.; McLean, Ian S.; Najarro, Francisco (1997). «AK‐Band Spectral Atlas of Wolf‐Rayet Stars». The Astrophysical Journal486: 420-434. Bibcode:1997ApJ...486..420F. doi:10.1086/304488.
Kingsburgh, R. L.; Barlow, M. J.; Storey, P. J. (1995). «Properties of the WO Wolf-Rayet stars». Astronomy and Astrophysics295: 75. Bibcode:1995A&A...295...75K.
Tinkler, C. M.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2002). «Mass-loss rates of H-rich central stars of planetary nebulae as distance indicators?». Astronomy and Astrophysics384 (3): 987-998. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..987T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020061.
Miszalski, B.; Crowther, P. A.; De Marco, O.; Köppen, J.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Acker, A.; Hillwig, T. C. (2012). «IC 4663: The first unambiguous [WN] Wolf-Rayet central star of a planetary nebula». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society423: 934-947. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.423..934M. arXiv:1203.3303. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20929.x.
Kirkpatrick, J. D. (2008). «Outstanding Issues in Our Understanding of L, T, and Y Dwarfs». 14th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars384: 85. Bibcode:2008ASPC..384...85K. arXiv:0704.1522.
Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. S.; Allard, F.; Hauschildt, P. H. (May 2003). «Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458». Astronomy and Astrophysics402 (2): 701-712. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..701B. arXiv:astro-ph/0302293. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Reid, I. Neill; Liebert, James; Cutri, Roc M.; Nelson, Brant; Beichman, Charles A.; Dahn, Conard C.; Monet, David G.; Gizis, John E.; Skrutskie, Michael F. (10 de julio de 1999). «Dwarfs Cooler than M: the Definition of Spectral Type L Using Discovery from the 2-µ ALL-SKY Survey (2MASS)». The Astrophysical Journal519 (2): 802-833. Bibcode:1999ApJ...519..802K. doi:10.1086/307414.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Barman, Travis S.; Burgasser, Adam J.; McGovern, Mark R.; McLean, Ian S.; Tinney, Christopher G.; Lowrance, Patrick J. (2006). «Discovery of a Very Young Field L Dwarf, 2MASS J01415823−4633574». The Astrophysical Journal639 (2): 1120-1128. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639.1120K. arXiv:astro-ph/0511462. doi:10.1086/499622.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Beichman, Charles A.; Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam; Mace, Gregory N. (2013). «Discovery of the Y1 Dwarf WISE J064723.23-623235.5». The Astrophysical Journal776 (2): 128. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776..128K. arXiv:1308.5372. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128.
Leggett, S. K.; Cushing, Michael C.; Saumon, D.; Marley, M. S.; Roellig, T. L.; Warren, S. J.; Burningham, Ben; Jones, H. R. A.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Lodieu, N.; Lucas, P. W.; Mainzer, A. K.; Martín, E. L.; McCaughrean, M. J.; Pinfield, D. J.; Sloan, G. C.; Smart, R. L.; Tamura, M.; Van Cleve, J. (2009). «The Physical Properties of Four ∼600 K T Dwarfs». The Astrophysical Journal695 (2): 1517-1526. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695.1517L. arXiv:0901.4093. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517.
Delorme, P.; Delfosse, X.; Albert, L.; Artigau, E.; Forveille, T.; Reylé, C.; Allard, F.; Homeier, D.; Robin, A. C.; Willott, C. J.; Liu, M. C.; Dupuy, T. J. (2008). «CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3: Reaching the T-Y brown dwarf transition?». Astronomy and Astrophysics482 (3): 961-971. Bibcode:2008A&A...482..961D. arXiv:0802.4387. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079317.
Burningham, Ben; Pinfield, D. J.; Leggett, S. K.; Tamura, M.; Lucas, P. W.; Homeier, D.; Day-Jones, A.; Jones, H. R. A.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Ishii, M.; Kuzuhara, M.; Lodieu, N.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Venemans, B. P.; Mortlock, D. J.; Barrado y Navascués, D.; Martin, E. L.; Magazzù, A. (2008). «Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ∼550 K». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society391: 320-333. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..320B. arXiv:0806.0067. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x.
Sion, E. M.; Greenstein, J. L.; Landstreet, J. D.; Liebert, J.; Shipman, H. L.; Wegner, G. A. (1983). «A proposed new white dwarf spectral classification system». Astrophysical Journal269: 253. Bibcode:1983ApJ...269..253S. doi:10.1086/161036.
McCook, George P.; Sion, Edward M. (1999). «A Catalog of Spectroscopically Identified White Dwarfs». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series121: 1-130. Bibcode:1999ApJS..121....1M. doi:10.1086/313186.
«The Colour of Stars». Australia Telescope Outreach and Education. 21 de diciembre de 2004. Archivado desde el original el 10 de marzo de 2012. Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2007. — Explains the reason for the difference in color perception.
Morgan, William Wilson; Keenan, Philip Childs; Kellman, Edith (1943). An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification. The University of Chicago Press. Bibcode:1943assw.book.....M. OCLC1806249.
