Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier. XCIII Zacharias (741-752). Le Liber pontificalis; texte, introduction et commentaire par L. Duchesne (Volume 1). 1886. pp. 426–439. Available on archive.org
MGH, Leges, Capitularia regum Francorum, II, ed. by A. Boretius, Hanovre, 1890, pp. 250–252 (available on-line)
Abrahams, Israel. Jewish Life in the Middle Ages. New York. The Macmillan Company, 1919. pp. 98-100 [9]
Korpela, Jukka. The Baltic Finnic People in the Medieval and Pre-Modern Eastern European Slave Trade, in 'Russian History, Volume 41, Issue 1' pp. 85-117 [18]
Devroey, Jean-Pierre (2007). «Men and Women in Early Medieval Serfdom: the Ninth-Century North Frankish Evidence». Past and Present: 17. doi:10.1093/past/166.1.3.
Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East. (Oxford University Press, 1994). Consulta 4 de mayo de 2017.[21]Archivado el 17 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine.
galegroup.com
go.galegroup.com
Yaacov Lev, David Ayalon (1914-1998) and the history of Black Military Slavery in medieval Islam, Der Islam 90.1 (2013) [19]
Graetz, H. History of the Jews, volume 3: Chapter 2, Jews in Europe, Philadelphia, The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894 [8]
historytoday.com
Marc Morris (3 de marzo de 2013). «Normans and Slavery: Breaking the Bonds». History Today(en inglés)63 (3): 40-41. ISSN0018-2753. Consultado el 16 de marzo de 2024. «Old English law codes make clear, slaves could be treated like animals: branded or castrated as a matter of routine and punished by mutilation or death; stoned to death by other slaves if they were male, burned to death if they were female […] slaves might fill any number of functions: we find them occurring, for example, as cooks, weavers, millers and even priests. What’s more, a good many of them, perhaps even the majority, were women, kept in some cases as domestic servants or dairy maids, but also in many instances as concubines […] William of Malmesbury believed that the slave-traders of Bristol fornicated with their female captives before selling them […] the wife of Earl Godwine (d.1053), who was said ‘to buy parties of slaves in England and ship them back to Denmark, young girls especially, whose beauty and youth would enhance their price’».
«Esclavitud negroafricana». Imagen e Identidad de Andalucía en la Edad Moderna (Junta de Andalucía – Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidades: Universidad de Almería). 2016. ISSN2605-0315. Consultado el 6 de enero de 2023. «Durante la época de Al-Andalus, se aplicaba la sharía, es decir, la ley islámica que permitía la esclavitud de los infieles, y por tanto, la esclavitud de los cristianos españoles y también de los animistas negroafricanos, que constituían su principal mano de obra».
Marc Morris (3 de marzo de 2013). «Normans and Slavery: Breaking the Bonds». History Today(en inglés)63 (3): 40-41. ISSN0018-2753. Consultado el 16 de marzo de 2024. «Old English law codes make clear, slaves could be treated like animals: branded or castrated as a matter of routine and punished by mutilation or death; stoned to death by other slaves if they were male, burned to death if they were female […] slaves might fill any number of functions: we find them occurring, for example, as cooks, weavers, millers and even priests. What’s more, a good many of them, perhaps even the majority, were women, kept in some cases as domestic servants or dairy maids, but also in many instances as concubines […] William of Malmesbury believed that the slave-traders of Bristol fornicated with their female captives before selling them […] the wife of Earl Godwine (d.1053), who was said ‘to buy parties of slaves in England and ship them back to Denmark, young girls especially, whose beauty and youth would enhance their price’».
Mary A. Valante, Castrating Monks: Vikings, the Slave Trade, and the Value of Eunuchs, in 'Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages' ed. Larissa Tracy [7]
Radl, Karl. An English Translation of Agobard of Lyon 'De Baptismo Judaicorum Mancipiorum' 24 March 2013 [12]Archivado el 16 de septiembre de 2017 en Wayback Machine.
«Esclavitud negroafricana». Imagen e Identidad de Andalucía en la Edad Moderna (Junta de Andalucía – Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidades: Universidad de Almería). 2016. ISSN2605-0315. Consultado el 6 de enero de 2023. «Durante la época de Al-Andalus, se aplicaba la sharía, es decir, la ley islámica que permitía la esclavitud de los infieles, y por tanto, la esclavitud de los cristianos españoles y también de los animistas negroafricanos, que constituían su principal mano de obra».
Scott, S.P. «The Visigothic Code». Book III, Title II, Section III: The Library of Iberian Resources Online.
Scott, S.P. «The Visigothic Code». Book III, Title IV, Section VI: The Library of Iberian References Online.
uef.fi
Medieval slave trade routes in Eastern Europe extended from Finland and the Baltic Countries to Central Asia [17]Archivado el 10 de diciembre de 2014 en Wayback Machine.
Radl, Karl. An English Translation of Agobard of Lyon 'De Baptismo Judaicorum Mancipiorum' 24 March 2013 [12]Archivado el 16 de septiembre de 2017 en Wayback Machine.
Medieval slave trade routes in Eastern Europe extended from Finland and the Baltic Countries to Central Asia [17]Archivado el 10 de diciembre de 2014 en Wayback Machine.
Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East. (Oxford University Press, 1994). Consulta 4 de mayo de 2017.[21]Archivado el 17 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine.
Aylin Woodward (5 de enero de 2023). «Ancient DNA Paints a New Picture of the Viking Age». The Wall Street Journal(en inglés). Consultado el 6 de enero de 2023. «a surge of people coming into Scandinavia from the British-Irish isles and the eastern Baltic region introduced new genetic information into the Viking population between about the years 750 and 1099 [...] the number of slaves brought back to Scandinavia by the Vikings was enough to influence genetic composition of the region [...] the Vikings may have preferentially targeted women and girls as slaves [...] But these newcomers to Scandinavia didn’t flourish [...] a lot of these people that came into Scandinavia during the Viking period didn’t build families and weren’t as efficient in getting children as the people who were already living there».
