Wendy Warren (2016). New England Bound(en inglés) (1.ª edición). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 43. ISBN978-0-87140-672-9. «After ten years of service or after an individual’s twenty-fourth birthday, the legislature demanded, masters were to set all such servants free».
James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (2005). Slavery and the Making of America. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. pp. 7. ISBN0-19-517903-X. «The slave trade and the products created by slaves' labor, particularly cotton, provided the basis for America's wealth as a nation. Such wealth provided some of the capital for the country's industrial revolution and enabled the United States to project its power into the rest of the world.»
Ronald Segal (1995). The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa. Nueva York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 4. ISBN0-374-11396-3. «En la actualidad, se estima que 11863000 de esclavos fueron enviados a través del Atlántico.[Nota original: Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature," in Journal of African History 30 (1989), p. 368.] ... Se acepta por lo general que cualquier otra estimación que se haga al respecto estará más cerca de aumentar esa cifra que de disminuirla.»
Rodney Stark, For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-hunts, and the End of Slavery, p. 322 Internet Archive Note that the hardcover edition has a typographical error stating "31.2 percent"; it is corrected to 13.2 in the paperback edition. The 13.2% value for the percentage of free people of color (see below) is confirmed with 1830 census data.
Michael Tadman, "The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas", The American Historical Review diciembre de 2000 105:5 online (en inglés)
«(1866) U.S. TREATY WITH THE SEMINOLE NATION». BlackPast(en inglés). 24 de enero de 2007. Consultado el 23 de febrero de 2024. «Proclaimed, Aug. 16, 1866 […] The Seminole Nation covenant that henceforth in said nation slavery shall not exist».
Gallay, Alan, ed. (2009). «Introduction: Indian Slavery in Historical Context». Indian Slavery in Colonial America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 8. ISBN978-0803222007. «slavery was common among the peoples
east of the Mississippi, and many to the west as well, where warfare was endemic, male captives usually tortured and killed, and women and children assimilated or enslaved.»
López León, Dorian. «Puerto Rico in the 16th century – History». Encyclopedia de Puerto Rico(en inglés estadounidense). Puerto Rico Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Archivado desde el original el 28 de julio de 2020. Consultado el 29 de junio de 2020.
Knight, Kathryn (2010). «The First Africans». Historic Jamestowne. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2019. «Nearing her destination, the slave ship was attacked by two English privateers, the White Lion and the Treasurer, in the Gulf of Mexico and robbed of 50–60 Africans.»
issn.org
portal.issn.org
R. Halliburton, Jr. (Julio de 1975). «FREE BLACK OWNERS OF SLAVES». SOUTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL MAGAZINE(en inglés)76 (3): 130. ISSN0038-3082. Consultado el 31 de agosto de 2022. «Free blacks became slaveowners early in our history. Indeed, one of the first known legal sanctions of slavery other than as punishment for crime involved a black owner. In 1654 Anthony Johnson and his wife Mary in a court suit gained the services of their black servant, John Casor, for life».
R. Halliburton, Jr. (Julio de 1975). «FREE BLACK OWNERS OF SLAVES». SOUTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL MAGAZINE(en inglés)76 (3): 130. ISSN0038-3082. Consultado el 31 de agosto de 2022. «Free blacks became slaveowners early in our history. Indeed, one of the first known legal sanctions of slavery other than as punishment for crime involved a black owner. In 1654 Anthony Johnson and his wife Mary in a court suit gained the services of their black servant, John Casor, for life».
«African Americans at Jamestown». National Park Service. 26 de febrero de 2015. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2019. «Arrival of "20 and odd" Africans in late August 1619, not aboard a Dutch ship as reported by John Rolfe, but an English warship, White Lion, sailing with a letters of marque issued to the British Captain Jope by the Protestant Dutch Prince Maurice, son of William of Orange. A letters of marque legally permitted the White Lion to sail as a privateer attacking any Spanish or Portuguese ships it encountered. The 20 and odd Africans were captives removed from the Portuguese slave ship, San Juan Bautista, following an encounter the ship had with the White Lion and her consort, the Treasurer, another British ship, while attempting to deliver its African prisoners to Mexico. Rolfe's reporting the White Lion as a Dutch warship was a clever ruse to transfer blame away from the British for piracy of the slave ship to the Dutch.»
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (2013). «How Many Slaves Landed in the U.S.?». The African Americans(en inglés). Servicio Público de Radiodifusión PBS (Estados Unidos). Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2023. «And how many of these 10.7 million Africans were shipped directly to North America? Only about 388,000. That’s right: a tiny percentage.»
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (2013). «Free Blacks Lived in the North, Right?». The African Americans(en inglés). Servicio Público de Radiodifusión PBS (Estados Unidos). Consultado el 22 de febrero de 2023. «there were a total of 488,070 free blacks living in the United States [...] 261,918 in the South [...] there were 35,766 more free black people living in the slave-owning South than in the North».
López León, Dorian. «Puerto Rico in the 16th century – History». Encyclopedia de Puerto Rico(en inglés estadounidense). Puerto Rico Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Archivado desde el original el 28 de julio de 2020. Consultado el 29 de junio de 2020.
American Civil War Census Data This source derived numbers for "% of Families Owning Slaves" by assuming only one slaveholder per family, a presumption with evidence only to the contrary. The summary numbers also include 17 slaves and 8 slaveowners counted by census-takers in Nebraska and Kansas, where slavery was illegal.
