Brent, Jonathan (2008) Inside the Stalin Archives: Discovering the New Russia. Atlas & Co., 2008, ISBN0977743330«Introduction online». Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2009. Consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2009. (PDF file): Estimations on the number of Stalin's victims over his twenty-five-year reign, from 1928 to 1953, vary widely, but 20 million is now considered the minimum.
Yakovlev, Alexander N.; Austin, Anthony; Hollander, Paul (2004). A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press. p. 234. ISBN978-0300103229. «My own many years and experience in the rehabilitation of victims of political terror allow me to assert that the number of people in the USSR who were killed for political motives or who died in prisons and camps during the entire period of Soviet power totaled 20 to 25 million. And unquestionably one must add those who died of famine – more than 5.5 million during the civil war and more than 5 million during the 1930s.»
Healey, Dan (1 de junio de 2018). «GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag». The American Historical Review123 (3): 1049-51. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. «New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and 'inhumanity.' The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953.»
Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). «The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45». Europe-Asia Studies48 (8): 1334, 1348. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. «The Stalinist regime was consequently responsible for about a million purposive killings, and through its criminal neglect and irresponsibility it was probably responsible for the premature deaths of about another two million more victims amongst the repressed population, i.e. in the camps, colonies, prisons, exile, in transit and in the POW camps for Germans. These are clearly much lower figures than those for whom Hitler's regime was responsible.»
Conquest, Robert (1997). «Victims of Stalinism: A Comment». Europe-Asia Studies49 (7): 1317-19. doi:10.1080/09668139708412501. «We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures.»
Hardy, J. (2018). "Review": Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag. By Golfo Alexopoulos. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. xi, 308 pp. Notes. Index. Maps. $65.00, hard bound. Slavic Review, 77(1), 269–70. doi10.1017/slr.2018.57
Healey, Dan (1 de junio de 2018). «GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag». The American Historical Review123 (3): 1049-51. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. «New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and 'inhumanity.' The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953.»
Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). «The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45». Europe-Asia Studies48 (8): 1330. JSTOR152781. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. «When Solzhenitsyn wrote and distributed his Gulag Archipelago it had enormous political significance and greatly increased popular understanding of part of the repression system. But this was a literary and political work; it never claimed to place the camps in a historical or social-scientific quantitative perspective, Solzhenitsyn cited a figure of 12–15 million in the camps. But this was a figure that he hurled at the authorities as a challenge for them to show that the scale of the camps was less than this.»
Ellman, Michael (2002). «Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments». Europe-Asia Studies54 (7): 1151-72. S2CID43510161. doi:10.1080/0966813022000017177. «The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e . about a million. This is the estimate which should be used by historians, teachers and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history».
Anderson, Barbara; Silver, Brian (Autumn 1985). «Demographic Analysis and Population Catastrophes in the USSR». Slavic Review44 (3): 517-19. JSTOR2498020. S2CID163761404. doi:10.2307/2498020.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). «Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word». Europe-Asia Studies51 (2): 340-42. doi:10.1080/09668139999056. «For decades, many historians counted Stalin' s victims in 'tens of millions', which was a figure supported by Solzhenitsyn. Since the collapse of the USSR, the lower estimates of the scale of the camps have been vindicated. The arguments about excess mortality are far more complex than normally believed. R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Re-assessment (London, 1992) does not really get to grips with the new data and continues to present an exaggerated picture of the repression. The view of the 'revisionists' has been largely substantiated (J. Arch Getty & R. T. Manning (eds), Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (Cambridge, 1993)). The popular press, even TLS and The Independent, have contained erroneous journalistic articles that should not be cited in respectable academic articles.»
Ellman, Michael (2002). «Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments». Europe-Asia Studies54 (7): 1151-72. doi:10.1080/0966813022000017177. «The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e . about a million. This is the estimate which should be used by historians, teachers and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history».
K. Chang, Jon (8 de abril de 2019). «Ethnic Cleansing and Revisionist Russian and Soviet History». Academic Questions32 (2): 270. doi:10.1007/s12129-019-09791-8.
Moore, Rebekah (2012). «'A Crime Against Humanity Arguably Without Parallel in European History': Genocide and the "Politics" of Victimhood in Western Narratives of the Ukrainian Holodomor». Australian Journal of Politics & History58 (3): 367-379. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01641.x.
Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). «The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45». Europe-Asia Studies48 (8): 1330. JSTOR152781. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. «When Solzhenitsyn wrote and distributed his Gulag Archipelago it had enormous political significance and greatly increased popular understanding of part of the repression system. But this was a literary and political work; it never claimed to place the camps in a historical or social-scientific quantitative perspective, Solzhenitsyn cited a figure of 12–15 million in the camps. But this was a figure that he hurled at the authorities as a challenge for them to show that the scale of the camps was less than this.»
Anderson, Barbara; Silver, Brian (Autumn 1985). «Demographic Analysis and Population Catastrophes in the USSR». Slavic Review44 (3): 517-19. JSTOR2498020. S2CID163761404. doi:10.2307/2498020.
Niccolò Pianciola (2001). «The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933». Harvard Ukrainian Studies25 (3–4): 237-51. PMID20034146.
nybooks.com
Snyder, Timothy (27 de enero de 2011). «Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?». The New York Review of Books. Consultado el 13 de octubre de 2017. «The total number of noncombatants killed by the Germans—about 11 million—is roughly what we had thought. The total number of civilians killed by the Soviets, however, is considerably less than we had believed. We know now that the Germans killed more people than the Soviets did. ... All in all, the Germans deliberately killed about 11 million noncombatants, a figure that rises to more than 12 million if foreseeable deaths from deportation, hunger, and sentences in concentration camps are included. For the Soviets during the Stalin period, the analogous figures are approximately six million and nine million. These figures are of course subject to revision, but it is very unlikely that the consensus will change again as radically as it has since the opening of Eastern European archives in the 1990s.»
Ellman, Michael (2002). «Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments». Europe-Asia Studies54 (7): 1151-72. S2CID43510161. doi:10.1080/0966813022000017177. «The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e . about a million. This is the estimate which should be used by historians, teachers and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history».
Anderson, Barbara; Silver, Brian (Autumn 1985). «Demographic Analysis and Population Catastrophes in the USSR». Slavic Review44 (3): 517-19. JSTOR2498020. S2CID163761404. doi:10.2307/2498020.
«Soviet Studies». See also: Gellately (2007) p. 584: "Anne Applebaum is right to insist that the statistics 'can never fully describe what happened.' They do suggest, however, the massive scope of the repression and killing."
Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). «The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45». Europe-Asia Studies48 (8): 1334, 1348. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. «The Stalinist regime was consequently responsible for about a million purposive killings, and through its criminal neglect and irresponsibility it was probably responsible for the premature deaths of about another two million more victims amongst the repressed population, i.e. in the camps, colonies, prisons, exile, in transit and in the POW camps for Germans. These are clearly much lower figures than those for whom Hitler's regime was responsible.»
Conquest, Robert (1997). «Victims of Stalinism: A Comment». Europe-Asia Studies49 (7): 1317-19. doi:10.1080/09668139708412501. «We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures.»
Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). «The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45». Europe-Asia Studies48 (8): 1330. JSTOR152781. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. «When Solzhenitsyn wrote and distributed his Gulag Archipelago it had enormous political significance and greatly increased popular understanding of part of the repression system. But this was a literary and political work; it never claimed to place the camps in a historical or social-scientific quantitative perspective, Solzhenitsyn cited a figure of 12–15 million in the camps. But this was a figure that he hurled at the authorities as a challenge for them to show that the scale of the camps was less than this.»
Ellman, Michael (2002). «Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments». Europe-Asia Studies54 (7): 1151-72. S2CID43510161. doi:10.1080/0966813022000017177. «The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e . about a million. This is the estimate which should be used by historians, teachers and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history».
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). «Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word». Europe-Asia Studies51 (2): 340-42. doi:10.1080/09668139999056. «For decades, many historians counted Stalin' s victims in 'tens of millions', which was a figure supported by Solzhenitsyn. Since the collapse of the USSR, the lower estimates of the scale of the camps have been vindicated. The arguments about excess mortality are far more complex than normally believed. R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Re-assessment (London, 1992) does not really get to grips with the new data and continues to present an exaggerated picture of the repression. The view of the 'revisionists' has been largely substantiated (J. Arch Getty & R. T. Manning (eds), Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (Cambridge, 1993)). The popular press, even TLS and The Independent, have contained erroneous journalistic articles that should not be cited in respectable academic articles.»
Ellman, Michael (2002). «Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments». Europe-Asia Studies54 (7): 1151-72. doi:10.1080/0966813022000017177. «The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e . about a million. This is the estimate which should be used by historians, teachers and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history».
The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. 5 – The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2008.
The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. 5 – The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2008.
Brent, Jonathan (2008) Inside the Stalin Archives: Discovering the New Russia. Atlas & Co., 2008, ISBN0977743330«Introduction online». Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2009. Consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2009. (PDF file): Estimations on the number of Stalin's victims over his twenty-five-year reign, from 1928 to 1953, vary widely, but 20 million is now considered the minimum.
