«What is Albinism?». The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation. Archivado desde el original el 14 de mayo de 2012. Consultado el 7 de julio de 2009.
Cooper, JC (1978). «Horse». An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 85–6. ISBN0-500-27125-9. «... [T]he white horse ... represents pure intellect; the unblemished; innocence; life and light, and is ridden by heroes.»
Cheville, Norman F (agosto de 2006). Introduction to veterinary pathology (3 edición). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-0-8138-2495-6. «Albinism results from a structural gene mutation at the locus that codes for tyrosinase; that is, albino animals have a genetically determined failure of tyrosine synthesis.»
Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). «5. Patterns Characterized by Patches of White». Equine color genetics (2 edición). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. ISBN0-8138-0759-X. «... most Appaloosas have a blanket or varnish roan phenotype ... In the Noriker breed most horses with LpLp are leopard, and the few varnish roans or blanketed horses in the breed tend to produce leopards more than their own blanket or varnish roan pattern».
Strachan, Tom & Read, Andrew (1999) [1996]. «Genes in pedigrees: 3.2 Complications to the basic pedigree patterns». En Kingston, Fran, ed. Human Molecular Genetics. BIOS Scientific Publishers (2 edición). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 297. ISBN1-85996-202-5. Consultado el 8 de julio de 2009. «Post-zygotic mutations produce mosaics with two (or more) genetically distinct cell lines. [...] Mutations occurring in a parent's germ line can cause de novo inherited disease in a child. When an early germ-line mutation has produced a person who harbors a large clone of mutant germ-line cells (germinal, or gonadal, mosaicism), a normal couple with no previous family history may produce more than one child with the same serious dominant disease».
Janet Piercy (2001). «Breed Close Up Part II». The Colorful World of Paints & Pintos. International Registry of Colored Horses. Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2009. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2009. «The perfectly marked medicine hat is usually a tovero, but these horses can be overos and tobianos too».
doi.org
dx.doi.org
Haase B, Brooks SA, Tozaki T (octubre de 2009). «Seven novel KIT mutations in horses with white coat colour phenotypes». Animal Genetics40 (5): 623-9. PMID19456317. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01893.x.
Sturtevant, AH (1912). «A critical examination of recent studies on coat colour inheritance in horses». Journal of Genetics2 (1): 41-51. doi:10.1007/BF02981546. «"The colour of skin is white or so-called pink, usually with a few small dark specks in skin. Some have a great many dark spots in skin. These latter usually have a few dark stripes in hoofs; otherwise the hoofs are almost invariably white. Those that do not have dark specks in skin usually have glass or watch eyes, otherwise dark eyes ... I have one colt coming one year old that is pure white, not a coloured speck on him, not a coloured hair on him, and with glass eyes." [WP Newell] The term "glass eye" means a white eye. Therefore the colt described above is almost an albino in appearance. However, his sire is one of the dark-eyed somewhat spotted whites, his dam being a brown Trotter. Since "glass" eyes occur not infrequently in pigmented horses it seems probable that this white-eyed albino (?) is really an extreme case of spotting, plus an entirely independent "glass" eye. Mr Newell writes that white mated to white gives about 50% white to 50% pigmented. He reports only three matings of white to white. The results of these were, one white, one roan, and one gray.»
Wriedt, C (1924). «Vererbungsfaktoren bei weissen Pferden im Gestut Fredriksborg». Zeitschrift für Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie1: 231-242. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1924.tb00195.x.
Haase, B; Obexer-Ruff G; Dolf G; Rieder S; Burger D; Poncet PA; Gerber V; Howard J et al. (9 de abril de 2009). «Haematological parameters are normal in dominant white Franches-Montagnes horses carrying a KIT mutation.». Veterinary Journal184 (3): 315-7. PMID19362501. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.02.017.Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Thiruvenkadan, AK; N Kandasamy; S Panneerselvam (2008). «Review: Coat colour inheritance in horses». Livestock Science (Elsevier) 117 (2-3): 109-129. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.05.008. «During embryogenesis the pigment cells (melanocytes) migrate to specific sites on either side of the body as well as the backline. There are three such sites on the head (near the eye, ear, and top of the head), and six sites along each side of the body, and several along the tail. A few pigment cellsmigrate to each of these sites, there they proliferate and migrate outwards, joining up to form larger patches, spreading down the legs and down the head until they meet up under the chin, and down the body until they meet up on the belly (Cattanach, 1999).»
Rieder S, Hagger C, Obexer-Ruff G, Leeb T, Poncet PA (2008). «Genetic analysis of white facial and leg markings in the Swiss Franches-Montagnes Horse Breed». The Journal of Heredity99 (2): 130-6. PMID18296388. doi:10.1093/jhered/esm115. «Phenotypes may vary from tiny depigmentated body spots to white head and leg markings, further on to large white spotting and finally nearly complete depigmentation in white-born horses... White markings result from the lack of melanocytes in the hair follicles and the skin... A completely pigmented head or leg depends on the complete migration and clonal proliferation of the melanoblasts in the mesoderm of the developing fetus, thus ensuring that limbs and the head acquire a full complement of melanocytes».
Kurakin A (enero de 2005). «Self-organization vs Watchmaker: stochastic gene expression and cell differentiation». Development Genes and Evolution215 (1): 46-52. PMID15645318. doi:10.1007/s00427-004-0448-7.
Rosengren Pielberg G, Golovko A, Sundström E (agosto de 2008). «A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse». Nature Genetics40 (8): 1004-9. PMID18641652. doi:10.1038/ng.185.
Brooks, Samantha; Ernest Bailey (2005). «Exon skipping in the KIT gene causes a Sabino spotting pattern in horses». Mammalian Genome(PDF|formato= requiere |url= (ayuda))16 (11): 893-902. PMID16284805. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2472-y. «Chapter 3».
doubledilute.com
«Facts and Myths». Cream Gene Information. Cremello and Perlino Education Association. Archivado desde el original el 7 de febrero de 2012. Consultado el 8 de julio de 2009.
«Sabino». Equine Color. Archivado desde el original el 25 de diciembre de 2008. Consultado el 9 de diciembre de 2011. «The problem with this theory was that many horses who were "Dominant White" didn't have the necessary "Dominant White" parent, the rule of dominant genes being that at least one parent must have it for the foal to have it. Research has shown that these "Dominant White" horses who are usually born from non-white parents are really Sabinos with the maximum expression of the pattern. The theory of the "Dominant White" gene has been left in the past, especially since there has never been any scientific evidence to support that it exists».
genetics.org
Castle, William E (1948). «The ABC of Color Inheritance in Horses». Genetics33 (1): 22-35. PMC1209395. PMID17247268. «No true albino mutation of the color gene is known among horses, though several varieties of white horse are popularly known as albinos.»
Castle, William E. (1948). «The ABC of Color Inheritance in Horses». Genetics33 (1): 22. «No true albino mutation of the color gene is known among horses, though several varieties of white horse are popularly known as albinos.»
ias.ac.in
Sturtevant, AH (1912). «A critical examination of recent studies on coat colour inheritance in horses». Journal of Genetics2 (1): 41-51. doi:10.1007/BF02981546. «"The colour of skin is white or so-called pink, usually with a few small dark specks in skin. Some have a great many dark spots in skin. These latter usually have a few dark stripes in hoofs; otherwise the hoofs are almost invariably white. Those that do not have dark specks in skin usually have glass or watch eyes, otherwise dark eyes ... I have one colt coming one year old that is pure white, not a coloured speck on him, not a coloured hair on him, and with glass eyes." [WP Newell] The term "glass eye" means a white eye. Therefore the colt described above is almost an albino in appearance. However, his sire is one of the dark-eyed somewhat spotted whites, his dam being a brown Trotter. Since "glass" eyes occur not infrequently in pigmented horses it seems probable that this white-eyed albino (?) is really an extreme case of spotting, plus an entirely independent "glass" eye. Mr Newell writes that white mated to white gives about 50% white to 50% pigmented. He reports only three matings of white to white. The results of these were, one white, one roan, and one gray.»
Haase B, Brooks SA, Tozaki T (octubre de 2009). «Seven novel KIT mutations in horses with white coat colour phenotypes». Animal Genetics40 (5): 623-9. PMID19456317. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01893.x.
Haase, B; Obexer-Ruff G; Dolf G; Rieder S; Burger D; Poncet PA; Gerber V; Howard J et al. (9 de abril de 2009). «Haematological parameters are normal in dominant white Franches-Montagnes horses carrying a KIT mutation.». Veterinary Journal184 (3): 315-7. PMID19362501. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.02.017.Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Rieder S, Hagger C, Obexer-Ruff G, Leeb T, Poncet PA (2008). «Genetic analysis of white facial and leg markings in the Swiss Franches-Montagnes Horse Breed». The Journal of Heredity99 (2): 130-6. PMID18296388. doi:10.1093/jhered/esm115. «Phenotypes may vary from tiny depigmentated body spots to white head and leg markings, further on to large white spotting and finally nearly complete depigmentation in white-born horses... White markings result from the lack of melanocytes in the hair follicles and the skin... A completely pigmented head or leg depends on the complete migration and clonal proliferation of the melanoblasts in the mesoderm of the developing fetus, thus ensuring that limbs and the head acquire a full complement of melanocytes».
Kurakin A (enero de 2005). «Self-organization vs Watchmaker: stochastic gene expression and cell differentiation». Development Genes and Evolution215 (1): 46-52. PMID15645318. doi:10.1007/s00427-004-0448-7.
Castle, William E (1948). «The ABC of Color Inheritance in Horses». Genetics33 (1): 22-35. PMC1209395. PMID17247268. «No true albino mutation of the color gene is known among horses, though several varieties of white horse are popularly known as albinos.»
Rosengren Pielberg G, Golovko A, Sundström E (agosto de 2008). «A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse». Nature Genetics40 (8): 1004-9. PMID18641652. doi:10.1038/ng.185.
Brooks, Samantha; Ernest Bailey (2005). «Exon skipping in the KIT gene causes a Sabino spotting pattern in horses». Mammalian Genome(PDF|formato= requiere |url= (ayuda))16 (11): 893-902. PMID16284805. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2472-y. «Chapter 3».
Strachan, Tom & Read, Andrew (1999) [1996]. «Genes in pedigrees: 3.2 Complications to the basic pedigree patterns». En Kingston, Fran, ed. Human Molecular Genetics. BIOS Scientific Publishers (2 edición). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 297. ISBN1-85996-202-5. Consultado el 8 de julio de 2009. «Post-zygotic mutations produce mosaics with two (or more) genetically distinct cell lines. [...] Mutations occurring in a parent's germ line can cause de novo inherited disease in a child. When an early germ-line mutation has produced a person who harbors a large clone of mutant germ-line cells (germinal, or gonadal, mosaicism), a normal couple with no previous family history may produce more than one child with the same serious dominant disease».
«American Creme and White». Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. 3 de mayo de 1999. Archivado desde el original el 9 de diciembre de 2009. Consultado el 20 de junio de 2009.
«Equine Coat Color Tests». Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. UC Davis. Consultado el 8 de julio de 2009.
UC Davis. «Horse Coat Color Tests». Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California - Davis. Consultado el 8 de julio de 2009. «Horses with 2 copies of the Sabino1 gene, are at least 90% white and are referred to as Sabino-white.»
«American Creme and White». Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. 3 de mayo de 1999. Archivado desde el original el 9 de diciembre de 2009. Consultado el 20 de junio de 2009.
«Sabino». Equine Color. Archivado desde el original el 25 de diciembre de 2008. Consultado el 9 de diciembre de 2011. «The problem with this theory was that many horses who were "Dominant White" didn't have the necessary "Dominant White" parent, the rule of dominant genes being that at least one parent must have it for the foal to have it. Research has shown that these "Dominant White" horses who are usually born from non-white parents are really Sabinos with the maximum expression of the pattern. The theory of the "Dominant White" gene has been left in the past, especially since there has never been any scientific evidence to support that it exists».
«What is Albinism?». The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation. Archivado desde el original el 14 de mayo de 2012. Consultado el 7 de julio de 2009.
«Facts and Myths». Cream Gene Information. Cremello and Perlino Education Association. Archivado desde el original el 7 de febrero de 2012. Consultado el 8 de julio de 2009.
«Die Farbmerkmale»(en alemán). Knabstrupper.de. Archivado desde el original el 18 de junio de 2009. Consultado el 20 de junio de 2009.
Janet Piercy (2001). «Breed Close Up Part II». The Colorful World of Paints & Pintos. International Registry of Colored Horses. Archivado desde el original el 24 de febrero de 2009. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2009. «The perfectly marked medicine hat is usually a tovero, but these horses can be overos and tobianos too».
