En Ingles: Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C (2019). «Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1». Human Biology(en inglés) (University of Florida Press) 2 (4): 1-11. doi:10.5744/fa.2019.1005. Consultado el 13 de septiembre de 2020. «[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.»
En Ingles: A Chinese Gazetteer of Foreign Lands A new translation of Part 1 of the Zhufan zhi 諸蕃志 (1225) By Shao-yun Yang (Department of History, Denison University)
October 2, 2022
A Chinese Gazetteer of Foreign Lands A new translation of Part 1 of the Zhufan zhi 諸蕃志 (1225) By Shao-yun Yang (Department of History, Denison University)
October 2, 2022
En Ingles:Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720 By Furlong, Matthew J. "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi-xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35-36."
En Ingles:Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720 By Furlong, Matthew J. "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi-xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35-36."
En Ingles: Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines(en inglés). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 36. ISBN9780742568723. «Another Philippine place name appearing in Sung trade records is that of Butuan, a gold mining and trading center in northeastern Mindanao that sent its first tribute mission to China in 1001. From the tenth to the thirteenth centuries, Butuan was known for manufacturing metal tools and weaponry (blades, knives, and projectiles), musical instruments (bells, cymbals, and gongs), and gold jewelry (earrings, buckles, and rings).»
En Ingles:Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792 by Jeremy Black p.17 [1]
Mijares, Armand Salvador; Détroit, Florent; Piper, Philip; Grün, Rainer; Bellwood, Peter; Aubert, Maxime; Champion, Guillaume; Cuevas, Nida; De Leon, Alexandra; Dizon, Eusebio (July 2010). «New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines». Journal of Human Evolution59 (1): 123-132. PMID20569967. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008.
Détroit, Florent; Dizon, Eusebio; Falguères, Christophe; Hameau, Sébastien; Ronquillo, Wilfredo; Sémah, François (December 2004). «Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries». Comptes Rendus Palevol3 (8): 705-712. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004.
Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn; Allian, Fatima Pir; Mori, Virgilio; Azarcon, Lahaina Sue; Manera, Alma; Terando, Celito; Jamero, Lucio; Sireg, Gauden; Manginsay-Tremedal, Renefe; Labos, Maria Shiela; Vilar, Richard Dian; Latiph, Acram; Saway, Rodelio Linsahay; Marte, Erwin; Magbanua, Pablito; Morales, Amor; Java, Ismael; Reveche, Rudy; Barrios, Becky; Burton, Erlinda; Salon, Jesus Christopher; Kels, Ma. Junaliah Tuazon; Albano, Adrian; Cruz-Angeles, Rose Beatrix; Molanida, Edison; Granehäll, Lena; Vicente, Mário; Edlund, Hanna; Loo, Jun-Hun; Trejaut, Jean; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Reid, Lawrence; Malmström, Helena; Schlebusch, Carina; Lambeck, Kurt; Endicott, Phillip; Jakobsson, Mattias (30 de marzo de 2021). «Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences118 (13): e2026132118. PMC8020671. PMID33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118.
Junker, Laura Lee (1998). «Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms». International Journal of Historical Archaeology2 (4): 291-320. JSTOR20852912. S2CID141415414. doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759.
Santarita, Joefe B. (2018). «Panyupayana: The Rise of Hindu Polities in the Pre-Islamic Philippines». Vínculos culturales y de civilización entre la India y el sudeste asiático. pp. 93-105. ISBN978-981-10-7316-8. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7317-5_6.
En Ingles: Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C (2019). «Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1». Human Biology(en inglés) (University of Florida Press) 2 (4): 1-11. doi:10.5744/fa.2019.1005. Consultado el 13 de septiembre de 2020. «[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.»
Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). «Mexicanos revoltosos en Manila: objetivos imperiales y preocupaciones coloniales». Migración forzada en el mundo hispano del Pacífico. pp. 227-266. ISBN978-1-316 -48012-0. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007. «En opinión del Gobernador Anda y Salazar, una parte importante del problema de la vagancia era el hecho de que mexicanos y españoles se desbandaban después de terminar su servicio militar o prisión por todas las islas, incluso las más lejanas, en busca de subsistencia .»
Guevarra, Rudy P. Jr. (2011). «Filipinos en Nueva España: relaciones filipino-mexicanas, mestizaje e identidad en el México colonial y contemporáneo». Journal of Asian American Studies14 (3): 389-416. S2CID144426711. doi:10.1353/jaas.2011.0029.
dtic.mil
apps.dtic.mil
(En Ingles) Reyeg, Fernardo; Marsh, Ned (December 2011). «2». The Filipino Way of War: Irregular Warfare Through The Centuries (Post Graduate). Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California. p. 21. Archivado desde el original el 15 de abril de 2021. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2021.
dumagueteinfo.com
«Siquijor History». 5 de octubre de 2014. Archivado desde el original el 18 de octubre de 2015. Consultado el 23 de marzo de 2022.
ejournals.ph
Catubig, Jonathan B. (2003). «Dapitan Kingdom: A Historical Study on the Bisayan Migration and Settlement in Mindanao, circa 1563». The Journal of History49 (1–4): 143. «Combes points out that, at one time in their history, the people of Panglao invaded mainland Bohol and subsequently imposed economic and political dominance in the area, such that they considered the old Boholanos their slaves by reason of war. A good example at hand was that Pagbuaya considered Si Catunao, the King of Bohol as his vassal and relative.»
elizon.com
Según Ricardo Pinzón, estos dos soldados filipinos—Francisco Mongoy
e Isidoro Montes de Oca—fueron tan distinguidos en la batalla que son considerados héroes populares en México. El general Vicente Guerrero se convirtió más tarde en el primer presidente de México afrodescendiente. Ver Floro L. Mercene, "Central America: Filipinos in Mexican History", Ezilon Infobase, 28 de enero de 2005.
En Ingles:Barrows, David (2014). «A History of the Philippines». Guttenburg Free Online E-books1: 139. «Fourth.—In considering this Spanish conquest, we must understand that the islands were far more sparsely inhabited than they are to-day. The Bisayan islands, the rich Camarines, the island of Luzon, had, in Legaspi's time, only a small fraction of their present great populations. This population was not only small, but it was also extremely disunited. Not only were the great tribes separated by the differences of language, but, as we have already seen, each tiny community was practically independent, and the power of a dato very limited. There were no great princes, with large forces of fighting retainers whom they could call to arms, such as the Portuguese had encountered among the Malays south in the Moluccas. (Traducción: "Al considerar esta conquista española, debemos comprender que las islas estaban mucho menos pobladas que en la actualidad. Las islas de Bisayan, las ricas Camarines, la isla de Luzón, tenían, en la época de Legaspi, sólo una pequeña fracción de sus grandes poblaciones actuales. Esta población no sólo era pequeña, sino que también estaba extremadamente desunida. Las grandes tribus no sólo estaban separadas por las diferencias de idioma, sino que, como ya hemos visto, cada pequeña comunidad era prácticamente independiente y el poder de un dato muy limitado. No había grandes príncipes, con grandes fuerzas de criados combatientes a quienes pudieran llamar a las armas, como los portugueses que habían encontrado entre los malayos al sur de las Molucas."».
Junker, Laura Lee (1998). «Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms». International Journal of Historical Archaeology2 (4): 291-320. JSTOR20852912. S2CID141415414. doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759.
Isorena, Efren B. (2004). «The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174–1190 Ad». Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society32 (2): 73-95. JSTOR29792550. «Chau Ju-Kua, writing in the thirteenth century, probably was the first to mention that certain ferocious raiders of China's Fukien coast probably came by way of the southern portion of the island of Formosa, He referred to them as the Pi-sho-ye.»
Isorena, Efren B. (2004). «The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174–1190 Ad». Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society32 (2): 73-95. JSTOR29792550.
Borao, José Eugenio (2010). «El final barroco de un esfuerzo renacentista». La experiencia española en Taiwán, 1626–1642: el final barroco de una empresa renacentista. Hong Kong University Press. p. 199. ISBN978-962-209-083-5. JSTORj.ctt1xcrpk.
Encrucijada del Pacífico:
Las aguas asiáticas como conductos de conocimientos, personas, cargamentos y tecnologías Página 107 (citando: "Wang 1953; Tanaka Takeo 1961")
«Pre-colonial Manila». Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum and Library(en inglés estadounidense). Archivado desde el original el 24 de julio de 2015. Consultado el 9 de octubre de 2021.
Junker, Laura Lee (1998). «Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms». International Journal of Historical Archaeology2 (4): 291-320. JSTOR20852912. S2CID141415414. doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759.
Guevarra, Rudy P. Jr. (2011). «Filipinos en Nueva España: relaciones filipino-mexicanas, mestizaje e identidad en el México colonial y contemporáneo». Journal of Asian American Studies14 (3): 389-416. S2CID144426711. doi:10.1353/jaas.2011.0029.
Nuguid, Nati. (1972). "El motín de Cavite". en Mary R. Tagle. 12 acontecimientos que han influido en la historia de Filipinas. [Manila]: Centro Nacional de Producción de Medios. Recuperado el 20 de diciembre de 2009 de web de StuartXchange.
name=scott1989p8>Scott, William Henry (1989). «Filipinos in China in 1500». China Studies Program. De la Salle University. p. 8. Archivado desde el original el 24 de julio de 2015. Consultado el 6 de junio de 2019.
«Pre-colonial Manila». Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum and Library(en inglés estadounidense). Archivado desde el original el 24 de julio de 2015. Consultado el 9 de octubre de 2021.
name=scott1989p8>Scott, William Henry (1989). «Filipinos in China in 1500». China Studies Program. De la Salle University. p. 8. Archivado desde el original el 24 de julio de 2015. Consultado el 6 de junio de 2019.
(En Ingles) Reyeg, Fernardo; Marsh, Ned (December 2011). «2». The Filipino Way of War: Irregular Warfare Through The Centuries (Post Graduate). Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California. p. 21. Archivado desde el original el 15 de abril de 2021. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2021.
Abeto, Isidro Escare (1989). «Chapter X - Confederation of Madyaas». Philippine history: reassessed / Isidro Escare Abeto.(en inglés). Metro Manila :: Integrated Publishing House Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. p. 54. OCLC701327689. «Already conceived while he was in Binanua-an, and as the titular head of all the datus left behind by Datu Puti, Datu Sumakwel thought of some kind of system as to how he could exercise his powers given him by Datu Puti over all the other datus under his authority.»
