Clogg, Richard (2002). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94. ISBN9780521004794. (requiere registro). «Refugees crowded on the waterfront at Smyrna on 13 September 1922 after fire had devastated much of the Greek, Armenian and Prankish [European] quarters of the city which the Turks had called Gavur Izmir or 'Infidel Izmir', so large was its non-Muslim population.»
Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea : A Human History of the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 287. ISBN9780195323344. Consultado el 23 de febrero de 2014. «As the refugees crowded into the city, massacres, rape and looting, mainly but not exclusively by the irregulars, became the unspoken order of the day... Finally, the streets and houses of Smyrna were soaked in petrol... and on 13 September the city was set alight.»
Prott, Volker (2016). The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923(en inglés). Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN978-0-19-108354-9. «This dispute surrounding the original outbreak of the fire notwithstanding, few Western scholars question the overall responsibility in the subsequent systematic destruction of the European, Greek and Armenian districts of Smyrna. For such a rare, pro-Turkish view see Heath W. Lowry, “Turkish history: On Whose Sources Will it Be Based? A Case Study on the Burning of Izmir”, Journal of Ottoman Studies 9 (1989): 1–29.»
Hans-Lukas Kieser (26 de diciembre de 2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. I.B.Tauris. pp. 49-. ISBN978-1-84511-141-0. «They called Izmir "Gavur Izmir" (infidel Izmir) because the majority of its population consisted of non- Muslims and Levantines. They could not forget the fact that while a National War of Independence was going on, the minorities living in ...»
Mindie Lazarus-Black; Susan F. Hirsch (12 de noviembre de 2012). Contested States: Law, Hegemony and Resistance. Routledge. pp. 273-. ISBN978-1-136-04102-0. «Not surprisingly, Smyrna was the most cosmopolitan city in the Levant in the eighteenth century. It was called gavur Izmir (infidel Izmir) because of the prominence of the Christians.»
Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ḥusaynī Farāhānī (1990). A Shi'ite Pilgrimage to Mecca: 1885–1886. Saqi Books. p. 150. ISBN978-0-86356-356-0. «Its bazaars are mostly covered and have red-tiled roofs. Most of the people of this city are Europeans, Greeks, or Jews. Because the Turks call those outside the religion of Islam "gavur," [the city] is popularly known as "Gavur Izmir."».
Stewart, Matthew (1 de enero de 2003). «It Was All a Pleasant Business: The Historical Context of 'On the Quai at Smyrna'». The Hemingway Review23 (1): 58-71. S2CID153449331. doi:10.1353/hem.2004.0014.
Neyzi, Leyla (2008). «The Burning of Smyrna/ Izmir (1922) Revisited: Coming to Terms with the Past in the Present». The Past as Resource in the Turkic Speaking World: 23-42. doi:10.5771/9783956506888-23.
«Aya Fotini». levantineheritage.com. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2017.
nla.gov.au
«Terrible Turk Greek Massacres Tales of Smyrna». Evening News (17606) (New South Wales, Australia). 22 de noviembre de 1923. p. 11. Consultado el 16 de febrero de 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
Stewart, Matthew (1 de enero de 2003). «It Was All a Pleasant Business: The Historical Context of 'On the Quai at Smyrna'». The Hemingway Review23 (1): 58-71. S2CID153449331. doi:10.1353/hem.2004.0014.
