A discussion of the roles of will, intellect and passions in Aquinas' teachings is found in Stump, Eleonore (2003). «Intellect and will». Aquinas, Arguments of the philosophers series. Routledge (Psychology Press). pp. 278 ff. ISBN978-0-415-02960-5.
Vedral, Vlatko (18 de noviembre de 2006). «Is the Universe Deterministic?». New Scientist192 (2578): 52-55. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(06)61122-6. «Physics is simply unable to resolve the question of free will, although, if anything, it probably leans towards determinism.»
Russell, Paul (2020). Zalta, Edward N., ed. Hume on Free Will (Summer 2020 edición). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Consultado el 27 de agosto de 2020.
Hoefer, Carl (2008). «Causal Determinism». Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Consultado el 1 de noviembre de 2008.