Jane Garry, Carl R. Galvez Rubino (2001). Jane Garry, Carl R. Galvez Rubino, ed. Facts about the world's languages: an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present (illustrated edición). H.W. Wilson. p. 146. ISBN0-8242-0970-2. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Under this scheme, Northwestern is renamed Lanying and Xiajiang is called Jianghuai. What is controversial in this scheme is that the dialects spoken in Shangxi and Inner Mongolia have been culled out of the Northwestern Mandarin and a».
Margaret Mian Yan (2006). Introduction to Chinese dialectology. Volume 22 of LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics. LINCOM Europa. p. 60. ISBN3-89586-629-6. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «and Jianghuai Guanhua tLHUIfIS ( Jianghuai Mandarin/Eastern Mandarin), or Xiajiang Guanhua TOUHS (Lower Yangtzi or Eastern Mandarin) (Yuan Jiahua 1960; Zhan Bohui 1981; Norman 1988)».
(the University of Michigan)
Margaret Mian Yan, Jennifer Li-chia Liu (1997). Interactions I: a cognitive approach to beginning Chinese. Volume 1 of Interactions I-II: A Cognitive Approach to Beginning Chinese. Indiana University Press. p. 3. ISBN0-253-21122-0. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Mandarin (the official language) Hf 15 Guanhua: Northern Mandarin ^b^"B"IS Beifang Guanhua 68.0 Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, ... Jiangsu Eastern Mandarin "F ?XT =T fj§ Xiajiang Guanhua Southwestern Mandarin ffijiL JOst XInan Guanhua Sichuan».
Albrecht Klose (2001). Sprachen der Welt (2 edición). De Gruyter. p. 256. ISBN3-598-11404-4. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Jiangxia Guanhua. Lower Yangze Mandarin. Unterer Jangtse-Mandarin, Eastern Mandann, Yangze River Mandarin, Yangtze- Hual Jingpaw — Jingpho Jingpho — Katschinisch Jingpho - ST ribetoburmanlsch, Katschinisch - Myanmar (Burma),».
(the University of Michigan)
Doris L. Payne, Immanuel Barshi (1999). Doris L. Payne, Immanuel Barshi, ed. External possession. Volume 39 of Typological studies in language. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 197. ISBN90-272-2941-4. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Sinitic languages can thus be classified into three main groups following Norman (1988): A. Northern group I. Northern Chinese (Mandarin) (i) Northern (ii) Northwestern (iii) Xiajiang or Lower Yangtze dialects (iv) Southwestern».
Joshua A. Fogel (2004). Joshua A. Fogel, ed. The role of Japan in Liang Qichao's introduction of modern western civilization to China. Volume 57 of China research monographs. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley, Center for Chinese Studies. p. 251. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «(northwest Mandarin), xinan guanhua ( southwest Mandarin), and jianghuai guanhua (Huai and Yangzi River Mandarin)».
(the University of Michigan)
Ming studies, Issue 56. Ming studies. 2007. p. 110. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «group, to which Nanjingese belongs. Rounded finals, on the other hand, are found in the eastern and southeastern Jiang-Huai dialects. The PCD language patterns with dialects of this type here. Let us now consider one more set of».
Andrew Simpson (2007). Andrew Simpson, ed. Language and national identity in Asia (illustrated edición). Oxford University Press. p. 143. ISBN0-19-926748-0. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Guizhou Jiang-Huai Mandarin Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei Jin 45 Shanxi Wu 70 Shanghai, Southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang Hui 32».
Youguang Zhou (2003). The historical evolution of Chinese languages and scripts. Volume 8 of Pathways to advanced skills. National East Asian Languages Resource Center, Ohio State University. p. 15. ISBN0-87415-349-2. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «(4) Jiang-Huai secondary topolect (Jiang-Huai Mandarin and Lower Yangtze Valley/ Xiajiang Mandarin) is mainly used along the two banks of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, the northern part of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province».
(the University of California)
John H. McWhorter (2007). Language interrupted: signs of non-native acquisition in standard language grammars (illustrated edición). Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN0-19-530980-4. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Por ejemplo, muchos dialectos mandarín tienen más de cuatro tonos. Hangzhou tiene no menos de siete, de tal manera que ya no se considera un dialecto Wu (Simmons, 1992; Baxter 2000, 106-8). En la región de Jiang-Huai dialectos de cinco tonos no son infrecuentes, con los seis tonos reportados en la frontera norte / central (Norman 1988, 194). Estos representan una retención de uno de los cuatro tonos originales de china Medio (el tono RU), a diferencia de la característica Mandarín más común de haber perdido este tono, mientras que el colapso del registro de dos vías distinción entre los otros tres en un tono de cuatro contrastar no depende de registro».
Felix K. Ameka, Alan Charles Dench, Nicholas Evans (2006). Felix K. Ameka, Alan Charles Dench, Nicholas Evans, ed. Catching language: the standing challenge of grammar writing. Volume 167 of Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs (illustrated edición). Walter de Gruyter. p. 469. ISBN3-11-018603-9. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Comitatives > Marcadores de la eliminación, por ejemplo cognados y sinónimos de ka en Min dialectos, t'ung11 y lau11 en dialectos hakka, tse 45 en Shaoxing (Wu); GN en dialectos Jiang Huai-mandarín, todos con los significados comitative 'y con' lo que puede ser».
Fang yan, Issues 1-4. 1989. p. 157. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Por lo que el límite entre Jianghuai mandarín y el norte de mandarín en Northren diferencias JiangsQ Bao fonéticas y semejanzas entre los dialectos Un glosario de expresiones en el dialecto de Shanghai (I)泊幻叮血 gandLoY 私叩吃 LIR 勺呂 L 怕».
(the University of Michigan)
[1]
中央硏究院. 第2屆國際漢學會議論文集編輯委員會, 中央硏究院 (1989). 中央硏究院第2屆國際漢學會議論文集: 中華民國七十五年十二月廿九日至卅一日, Volume 2, Part 1. 中央硏究院. p. 223. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Therefore, we might interpret the RES ts, ts', s as reflecting a phonological feature of the Southern Mandarin dialect of the Ming dynasty. This feature is also found among the modern Jiang-Huai dialects such as YC. It might also be a reflection of the dialect features of MH and AM.»
(the University of California)
Barbara F. Grimes, Joseph Evans Grimes, Summer Institute of Linguistics (2000). Barbara F. Grimes, Joseph Evans Grimes, Summer Institute of Linguistics, ed. Ethnologue, Volume 1 (14 edición). SIL International. p. 404. ISBN1-55671-103-4. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Formerly considered to be part of the Jianghuai dialect of Mandarin, but now considered by many to be a separate major variety of Chinese. Dialects are reported to differ greatly from each other. Different from the Huizhou dialect of».
(the University of Michigan)
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc. Internet Database Service (2007). Linguistics and language behavior abstracts: LLBA., Volume 41, Issue 4. Sociological Abstracts, Inc. p. 1541. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «We point out that in fact this stratum is an old literary layer in Minnan dialects. We find it also exists in Hakka-gan dialects, the Hangzhou dialect. South East Mandarins, & Jianghuai Mandarins extensively. In Sino-annamite. there are».
(the University of Michigan)
University of California, Berkeley. Project on Linguistic Analysis (2007). Journal of Chinese linguistics, Volume 35. Project on Linguistic Analysis. p. 97. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «We find it also exists in Hakka-gan dialects, Hangzhou dialect, South East Mandarins, Jianghuai Mandarins extensively. In Sino-annamite, there are some similarities to Minnan dialects. Basing on our new findings, we believe that in Song».
David Prager Branner (2006). David Prager Branner, ed. The Chinese rime tables: linguistic philosophy and historical-comparative phonology. Volume 271 of Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science: Current issues in linguistic theory (illustrated edición). John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 206. ISBN90-272-4785-4. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Had Chao developed a syllabary for the Jiang-Huai Mandarin dialects with a diagnostic power and representativeness comparable to that of his Wu Syllabary, and had he placed Hangzhou in that context, he most surely would have discovered».
Lucie B. Olivová, Vibeke Børdahl, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (2009). Lucie B. Olivová, Vibeke Børdahl, ed. Lifestyle and entertainment in Yangzhou (Issue 44 of NIAS studies in Asian topics, Nordisk Institut for Asienstudier København) (illustrated edición). NIAS Press. p. 184. ISBN87-7694-035-7. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Some grammatical features of Yangzhou dialect are shared with Jianghuai Mandarin . Others may be of more limited usage but are used in Dingyuan County (the setting of Qingfengzha), which belongs to the same subgroup of Jianghuai».
Sun-Ah Jun (2005). Sun-Ah Jun, ed. Prosodic typology: the phonology of intonation and phrasing, Volume 1 (illustrated edición). Oxford University Press. p. 236. ISBN0-19-924963-6. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Across the Mandarin-speaking world, Mandarin is in contact with many other varieties of Chinese, as well as of non-Chinese languages. This contact increases the variability even more. For example, the Jianghuai varieties share many».
Xiao-bin Ji, Eric Dalle (2003). Xiao-bin Ji, Eric Dalle, ed. Facts about China (illustrated edición). H.W. Wilson. p. 70. ISBN0-8242-0961-3. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «For this reason, the Chinese Academy of Social Science suggested in 1987 that two new groups, the Jin and the Hui, be separated from the northwestern and the Jiang-Huai Mandarin subgroups. Distinctive Features: Mandarin dialects are».
(the University of California)
Margaret Mian Yan (2006). Introduction to Chinese dialectology. Volume 22 of LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics. LINCOM Europa. p. 82. ISBN3-89586-629-6. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «(Jianghuai Mandarin/Eastern Mandarin), or Xiajiang Guanhua TOUHS (Lower Yangtzi or Eastern Mandarin) (Yuan».
(the University of Michigan)
Margaret Mian Yan (2006). Introduction to Chinese dialectology. Volume 22 of LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics. LINCOM Europa. p. 99. ISBN3-89586-629-6. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011.
(the University of Michigan)
Margaret Mian Yan (2006). Introduction to Chinese dialectology. Volume 22 of LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics. LINCOM Europa. p. 236. ISBN3-89586-629-6. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011.
(the University of Michigan)
國立清華大學 (Hsin-chu shih, Taiwan) (2003). Tsing Hua journal of Chinese studies, Volume 33, Issue 1. 清華學報社. p. 243. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «ancient entering tonal category (often with a glottal stop ending), its vocalic distinctions have been largely reduced to two or at most three vowels in the Ru-tone words— a far cry from the Jianghuai Mandarin dialects where more vocalic distinctions are retained. Another characteristic feature of Jin-yu is the ubiquitous -i- glide in the rhyme categories De, Mo, and Mai: *-ie?.»
Qing hua xue bao, Volume 33. 2003. p. 243. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «This dialect is at once conservative and innovative in that while preserving the ancient entering tonal category (often with a glottal stop ending), its vocalic distinctions have been largely reduced to two or at most three vowels in the Ru-tone words— a far cry from the Jianghuai Mandarin dialects where more vocalic distinctions are retained.»
(the University of Michigan)
Matthew Y. Chen (2000). Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects. Volume 92 of Cambridge studies in linguistics (Issue 92 of Studies in Linguistics) (illustrated edición). Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN0-521-65272-3. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Having preserved MC tone IV hardly justifies setting up Jin as a distinct dialect group: after all, it is well known that the south-eastern branch of Mandarin (ie the so-called Jiang-huai branch) is characterized precisely by its retention of CVq.»
École des hautes études en sciences sociales, École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales (1985). Revue bibliographique de sinologie, Volume 3. Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. p. 180. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Diachronic evidence from Wu dialects and Jiang-Huai Mandarin dialects on the one hand and from Southeast China coastal area dialects on the other hand (all dialect material drawn from other authors) show that chain-type shifts in Chinese follow the same general rules as have been revealed by Laboc for American and British English dialects, such as: 1. peripheral vowels rise: 2. non-peripheral vowels usually fall: 3. back vowels move to».
(Indiana University)
Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (2008). Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, ed. Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world (illustrated edición). Elsevier. p. 214. ISBN0-08-087774-5. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «The first branching-out from the trunk is the two major supergroups: Mandarin and non- Mandarin.Mandarin includeseight subgroups:North- eastern, Beijing, Beifang,Jiaoliao,Zhongyuan,Lanyin, Southwestern, and Jianghuai».
David Levinson, Karen Christensen, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: Malaysia to Portuguese in Southeast Asia. Volume 4 of Encyclopedia of Modern Asia (illustrated edición). Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 33. ISBN0-684-31245-X. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Within the Mandarin family, there are three main divisions comprising eight subdialects: (1) Southern Mandarin includes the Yangtze (Jianghuai guanhua) and Southwestern (Xinan guanhua) subdialects; (2) Central Mandarin includes the».
(the University of Michigan)
E. K. Brown, Anne Anderson (2006). E. K. Brown, Anne Anderson, ed. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics: Sca-Spe. Volume 11 of Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (2, illustrated edición). Elsevier. p. 394. ISBN0-08-044367-2. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Mandarin has the largest geographic spread and population, and can be subdivided into as many as eight subgroups (see Li 1987; cf. Ho, 2003), based largely on the reflexes of the stopped tone category. Of these, the Southwestern (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou), Central Plains, and Jianghuai ( Southeastern) groups are generally recognized. One variety of Mandarin».
(the University of Michigan)
Ping Chen, Nanette Gottlieb (2001). Ping Chen, Nanette Gottlieb, ed. Language planning and language policy: East Asian perspectives (annotated edición). Psychology Press. p. 53. ISBN0-7007-1468-5. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «They are Mandarin, Yue (Cantonese), Wu, Xiang, Hakka, Gan, and Min; the non- Mandarin dialects are also called Southern dialects. Mandarin itself is composed of four major varieties: Northern, Northwestern, Southwestern, Jiang-Huai (cf.»
Leo J. Moser (1985). The Chinese mosaic: the peoples and provinces of China (illustrated edición). Westview Press. p. 104. ISBN0-86531-085-8. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Differences Between Eastern Mandarin and Standard Chinese In addition to the variations among cognates, as shown in the list, many common words and phrases in Eastern Mandarin are not at all cognate to those in Northern Mandarin».
(the University of Michigan
)
Ohio State University. Computer and Information Science Research Center, Ohio State University. Dept. of Linguistics (2001). Working papers in linguistics, Issue 55. Computer and Information Science Research Center, The Ohio State University. p. 26. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «But it is not the case that all current Mandarin dialects preserve this sandhi rule. For example, it is no longer in my dialect, Rugaohua, a Jianghuai Mandarin dialect. We may speculate that a certain generation of Rugaohua speakers».
(Indiana University)
Keith Johnson (2001). Elizabeth V. Hume, ed. Studies on the interplay of speech perception and phonology (Issue 55 of Working papers in linguistics). Ohio State University, Dept. of Linguistics. p. 26. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «But it is not the case that all current Mandarin dialects preserve this sandhi rule. For example, it is no longer in my dialect, Rugaohua, a Jianghuai Mandarin dialect. We may speculate that a certain generation of Rugaohua speakers».
Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla (2003). Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla, ed. The Sino-Tibetan languages. Volume 3 of Routledge language family series (illustrated edición). Psychology Press. p. 129. ISBN0-7007-1129-5. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «3 THE REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MANDARIN DIALECTS Mandarin dialects can be divided into three regions: Northern Mandarin, Southwestern Mandarin and Jiang- Huai Mandarin. With Putonghua, the Chengdu dialect and the Nanjing dialect as».
Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla (2003). Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla, ed. The Sino-Tibetan languages. Volume 3 of Routledge language family series (illustrated edición). Psychology Press. p. 130. ISBN0-7007-1129-5. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011.
Jerry Norman (1988). Chinese (illustrated, reprint edición). Cambridge University Press. p. 193. ISBN0-521-29653-6. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «In the southwestern dialects they are totally lost in most areas; in the Jiang- Huai region (eastern Mandarin) they have mostly merged as glottal stop. In northwestern and northern Mandarin both types of development can be found.»
École des hautes études en sciences sociales. Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale (2008). Cahiers de linguistique: Asie orientale, Volume 37, Issues 1-2. Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale, École des hautes études en sciences sociales. p. 7. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Get 'give' in Beijing and beyond / CLAO 37(2008) 3-42 Standard Mandarin exhibits patterns of the central linguistic zone with respect to the grammaticalization of gei then naturally follows from the fact that Zhongyuan, Jiang-Huai and».
(the University of Michigan)
University Microfilms, University Microfilms International (2005). Dissertation abstracts international: The humanities and social sciences. University Microfilms International. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Cross-dialectal as well as age differences were observed among Chinese listeners in Experiments BJ , RG and YT using natural speech stimuli from Putonghua, Rugao (a Jianghuai Mandarin dialect, Jiangsu Province) and Yantai (a Northern».
Ming studies, Issue 56. Ming studies. 2007. p. 107. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «The first Ming emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang t^tcSj!, and a large number of his civil and military officials hailed from the Yangtze watershed and spoke dialects of the southern Mandarin or Jiang-Huai type, to which the dialect of Nanjing».[2]
Ming studies, Issue 56. Ming studies. 2007. p. 108. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «missionary transcriptions and of fifteenth century Korean Guanhua transcriptions in the Hangul alphabet, the two syllable types are clearly distinguished. Guanhua and Nanjingese were clearly different here. Thus, we may suspect that the early Ming Guanhua koine was in reality a linguistic amalgam of some sort, though it certainly had deep roots in the Jiang -Huai dialects. In 1421 the Ming political and administrative capital was moved from».[3]
Michele Ruggieri, Matteo Ricci, John W. Witek (2001). John W. Witek, ed. Dicionário Português-Chinês. Volume 3 of Documenta (Instituto Português do Oriente) Volume 3 of Documenta (Biblioteca Nacional Macau). Biblioteca Nacional Portugal. p. 208. ISBN972-565-298-3. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Words for pear, jujube, shirt, ax, hoe, jorful, to speak, to bargain, to know, to urinate, to build a house, busy, and not yet are those typical of the Chiang-Huai or Southern dialects, not the Northern Mandarin dialect.»
何大安 (2002). 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組. 南北是非 : 漢語方言的差異與變化. Volume 7 of 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組.
Zhong yang yan jiu yuan di san jie guo ji han xue hui yi lun wen ji. Yu yan zu. 中央硏究院語言學硏究所. p. 27. ISBN957-671-936-4. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «to consider how it may have been influenced by possible relationships and interactions with the Jiang-Huai dialects of the Nanking area. This, in our view , should be done by first undertaking historical studies of these dialects».
(the University of California)
何大安 (2002). 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組. 南北是非 : 漢語方言的差異與變化. Volume 7 of 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組.
Zhong yang yan jiu yuan di san jie guo ji han xue hui yi lun wen ji. Yu yan zu. 中央硏究院語言學硏究所. p. 27. ISBN957-671-936-4. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Reading system definitely possesses features which are not typical of the Jiang-Huai group as a whole (Coblin Ms. 1,3)/ Careful reading of early descriptions tends to confirm this conclusion. For example, Varo's association of his Mandarin phonology with Nankingese was not absolute and unequivocal. We should recall his counsel that Guanhua be learned from "natives of the Province of Nan king, and of other provinces where the Mandarin tongue is spoken well" [emphasis added]. We find a similar view in Morrison's accounts. On the one hand he says in his dictionary (1815:xviii), "The pronunciation in this work, is rather what the Chinese call the Nanking dialect, than the Peking.»
(the University of California)
Ping Chen (1999). Modern Chinese: history and sociolinguistics (illustrated edición). Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN0-521-64572-7. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «This is true not only of writers from the Jiang-Huai and Northern Mandarin areas , but also of writers from the other dialect ... Speakers of dialects other than Jiang- Huai or Northern Mandarin had to conform to the grammatical and».
Dingxu Shi (2004). Peking Mandarin. Volume 377 of Languages of the world: Materials. LINCOM EUROPA. p. 2. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «It is most likely that a new dialect was formed on the basis of these members of the Northern Dialect, especially the Jianghuai Mandarin which was spoken in the Nanking area. If the population did not undergo drastic changes in later».
(the University of Michigan)[4]
W. South Coblin (1983). A handbook of Eastern Han sound glosses. Chinese University Press. p. 25. ISBN962-201-258-2. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «343). This may indicate that Jiang-Huai was still part of the southern dialect area in late EH times. 4. Northern Dialects: These are the dialects of the You area and correspond to the northern dialects of the FY system».
University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies (2002). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Volume 65. The School. p. 536. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Where ordinary Jiang-Huai forms match the Northern Wii reading pronunciations, it is because they have a common origin in the speech types brought south by the mid-Song period northern immigrants. North of the Yangtze, where the indigenous population had been effectively replaced by newcomers, only the northern forms normally survive. South of the River, the northern forms becamea literary stratum in Wu grafted onto the older indigenous pronunciation».
(the University of Michigan)
University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies (2002). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Volume 65. The School. p. 534. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «It is noticeable, however, that across the Jiang- Huai speaking area there is a fairly homogeneous layer of what appear to be older forms, preserved in the popular or bai 白 pronunciations of certain common words. These contrast with literary or wen 文 forms that pattern more consistently with other syllable types in the broader lexicons of the dialects in question. We may guess that these bai forms are in fact substrate survivals of the underlying speech varieties found in the belt before the mid-Song inundation».
(the University of Michigan)
University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies (2002). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Volume 65. The School. p. 541. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «For example, the eastern-most languages of the Tairu or Tongtai branch saw significant immigration from Wu-speaking areas in early Ming times, while in the same period the Huang-Xiao area on the western flank of the family was inundated».
(the University of Michigan)
Hilary Chappell (2004). Hilary Chappell, ed. Chinese grammar: synchronic and diachronic perspectives (illustrated, reprint edición). Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN0-19-927213-1. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «According to Hirata, however, Hui is composed of many layers: its dialects are spoken in an area originally occupied by the Yue i* tribe, suggestive of a possible substrate, later to be overlaid by migrations from Northern China in the Medieval Nanbeichao period and the Tang and Song dynasties. This was followed by the Jiang-Huai Mandarin dialects of the migrants who arrived during the Ming and Qing periods, and more recently by Wu dialects in particular, acquired by peripatetic Hui merchants who have represented an active».
Journal of Asian Pacific communication, Volume 16, Issues 1-2. Multilingual Matters. 2006. p. 336. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «In Chinese dialectology, Lishui County is divided by the boundary between Jiang-Huai dialect and Wu dialect. In administrative distribution, eleven towns of the county lie in the Wu Dialect area and five in the Jiang-Huai Dialect area. The former includes 72.2% of the county's population; the latter 17.8% (Guo, 1995). The county seat is Zaicheng Town, also called Yongyang Town. The language varieties spoken in areas surrounding the town all belong to Wu dialect. Two varieties are spoken in the town, "the old Zaicheng Speech" and "the new Zaicheng Speech". The former is a variety of Wu Dialect, and the latter a Jiang-Huai Mandarin Dialect. The old dialect is disappearing. Its speakers, a minority of elders, use the variety only among family members. According to some interviewees over sixty years old, the new dialect has been spoken in the town area for about one hundred years. Before the 1960's, the new dialect was used only inside the town, which served as the county seat, therefore, it is called "Town Speech" or "Lishui Speech".»
(the University of Michigan)
Anna Wierzbicka (2002). Cliff Goddard, Anna Wierzbicka, ed. Meaning and universal grammar: theory and empirical findings. Volume 60 of Studies in language Amsterdam / Companion series Volume 1 of Meaning and Universal Grammar (illustrated edición). John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 244. ISBN90-272-3063-3. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «Table 5.1: Five main Mandarin dialect groupings Northern Mandarin Hebei, including Greater Beijing; ... Gansu; Qinghai; Ningxia Northwestern Mandarin areas of Gansu; Xinjiang and Ningxia dialects Jiang-Huai or Xiajiang Nanjing».
Chaofen Sun, ed. (1997). Studies on the history of Chinese syntax (Issue 10 of Journal of Chinese linguistics: Monograph series). Journal of Chinese Linguistics,. p. 219. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «the north of Jiangsu Province, near the Yangtze river. The Taixing dialect belongs to Jiang Huai Mandarin. It contains a morpheme with three allomorphs, a, nga and ga. As discussed in detail in Li (1957), the morpheme is used in a way similar to zhu, namely as a preposition meaning dao or or zai (depending».
Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla (2003). Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla, ed. The Sino-Tibetan languages. Volume 3 of Routledge language family series (illustrated edición). Psychology Press. p. 90. ISBN0-7007-1129-5. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «However, in the Taixing dialect (Jiangsu, Jianghuai), it occurs after both Vl and v2,».
Yuzhi Shi (2002). The establishment of modern Chinese grammar: the formation of the resultative construction and its effects. Volume 59 of Studies in language companion series. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 220. ISBN90-272-3062-5. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «In certain dialects na has become the standard marker for the disposal construction such as in the Taixing dialect (B. Huang 1995: 659): (42) (The Taixing dialect) Ni na ge dixia sao-sao le. you NA Cl. floor clean-clean Per».
Bangxin Ding, Ai-qin Yu, Anne O. Yue-Hashimoto (2005). 紀念李方桂先生百年冥誕論文集 "Yu yan ji yu yan xue" zhuan kan. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan yu yan xue yan jiu suo. p. 432. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2011. «From Yang (1974) examples can also be found, to a lesser degree, in the Xiang dialects (see section 3.6 below) as well as in other Hunan dialects such as Lixian ШШ, Sangzhi #ffi (Jianghuai Mandarin); Tongdao ШШ, Ningyuan Щ$, Longshan f!»
