based on
Schlebusch et al., "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
Science, 28 September 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6266, Fig. 3 (H. sapiens divergence times) and
Stringer, C. (2012). «What makes a modern human». Nature485 (7396): 33-35. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...33S. PMID22552077. doi:10.1038/485033a.
doi.org
dx.doi.org
based on
Schlebusch et al., "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
Science, 28 September 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6266, Fig. 3 (H. sapiens divergence times) and
Stringer, C. (2012). «What makes a modern human». Nature485 (7396): 33-35. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...33S. PMID22552077. doi:10.1038/485033a.
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «We show that North African populations, like all non-African humans, also carry the signature of admixture with Neandertals, and that the real geographical limit for Neandertal admixture is between sub-Saharan groups and the rest[...] our results show that Neandertal genomic traces do not mark a division between African and non-Africans but rather a division between Sub-Saharan Africans and the rest of modern human groups, including those from North Africa.»
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «We found that North African populations have a significant excess of derived alleles shared with Neandertals, when compared to sub-Saharan Africans. This excess is similar to that found in non-African humans, a fact that can be interpreted as a sign of Neandertal admixture. Furthermore, the Neandertal's genetic signal is higher in populations with a local, pre-Neolithic North African ancestry. Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.»
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «North African populations have a complex genetic background. In addition to an autochthonous genetic component, they exhibit signals of European, sub-Saharan and Near Eastern admixture as previously described[...] Tunisian Berbers and Saharawi are those populations with highest autochthonous North African component[...] The results of the f4 ancestry ratio test (Table 2 and Table S1) show that North African populations vary in the percentage of Neandertal inferred admixture, primarily depending on the amount of European or Near Eastern ancestry they present (Table 1). Populations like North Morocco and Egypt, with the highest European and Near Eastern component (∼40%), have also the highest amount of Neandertal ancestry (∼60–70%) (Figure 3). On the contrary, South Morocco that exhibits the highest Sub-Saharan component (∼60%), shows the lowest Neandertal signal (20%). Interestingly, the analysis of the Tunisian and N-TUN populations shows a higher Neandertal ancestry component than any other North African population and at least the same (or even higher) as other Eurasian populations (100–138%) (Figure 3).»
Krings, M.; Stone, A.; Schmitz, R.W.; Krainitzki, H.; Stoneking, M.; Pääbo, Svante (1997). «Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans». Cell90 (1): 19-30. PMID9230299. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80310-4.
Wall, J.D.; Hammer, M.F. (2006). «Archaic admixture in the human genome». Current Opinion in Genetics & Development16 (6): 606-10. PMID17027252. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2006.09.006.
Ding, Q.; Hu, Y.; Xu, S.; Wang, J.; Jin, L. (2014). «Neanderthal Introgression at Chromosome 3p21.31 was Under Positive Natural Selection in East Asians». Molecular Biology and Evolution31 (3): 683-95. PMID24336922. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst260.
Akkuratov, Evgeny E; Gelfand, Mikhail S; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E (2018). «Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry in Papuans: A functional study». Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology16 (2): 1840011. PMID29739306. doi:10.1142/S0219720018400115.
Hershkovitz, Israel; Marder, Ofer; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Yasur, Gal; Boaretto, Elisabetta (28 de enero de 2015). «Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans». Nature520 (7546): 216-19. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..216H. PMID25629628. doi:10.1038/nature14134.
Arun Durvasula; Sriram Sankararaman (2020). «Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations». Science Advances6 (7): eaax5097. PMC7015685. PMID32095519. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax5097. "Non-African populations (Han Chinese in Beijing and Utah residents with northern and western European ancestry) also show analogous patterns in the CSFS, suggesting that a component of archaic ancestry was shared before the split of African and non-African populations...One interpretation of the recent time of introgression that we document is that archaic forms persisted in Africa until fairly recently. Alternately, the archaic population could have introgressed earlier into a modern human population, which then subsequently interbred with the ancestors of the populations that we have analyzed here. The models that we have explored here are not mutually exclusive, and it is plausible that the history of African populations includes genetic contributions from multiple divergent populations, as evidenced by the large effective population size associated with the introgressing archaic population...Given the uncertainty in our estimates of the time of introgression, we wondered whether jointly analyzing the CSFS from both the CEU (Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry) and YRI genomes could provide additional resolution. Under model C, we simulated introgression before and after the split between African and non-African populations and observed qualitative differences between the two models in the high-frequency–derived allele bins of the CSFS in African and non-African populations (fig. S40). Using ABC to jointly fit the high-frequency–derived allele bins of the CSFS in CEU and YRI (defined as greater than 50% frequency), we find that the lower limit on the 95% credible interval of the introgression time is older than the simulated split between CEU and YRI (2800 versus 2155 generations B.P.), indicating that at least part of the archaic lineages seen in the YRI are also shared with the CEU..."
Bergström, A; McCarthy, S; Hui, R; Almarri, M; Ayub, Q (2020). «Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes». Science367 (6484): eaay5012. PMC7115999. PMID32193295. doi:10.1126/science.aay5012. "An analysis of archaic sequences in modern populations identifies ancestral genetic variation in African populations that likely predates modern humans and has been lost in most non-African populations...We found small amounts of Neanderthal ancestry in West African genomes, most likely reflecting Eurasian admixture. Despite their very low levels or absence of archaic ancestry, African populations share many Neanderthal and Denisovan variants that are absent from Eurasia, reflecting how a larger proportion of the ancestral human variation has been maintained in Africa."
based on
Schlebusch et al., "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
Science, 28 September 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6266, Fig. 3 (H. sapiens divergence times) and
Stringer, C. (2012). «What makes a modern human». Nature485 (7396): 33-35. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...33S. PMID22552077. doi:10.1038/485033a.
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «We show that North African populations, like all non-African humans, also carry the signature of admixture with Neandertals, and that the real geographical limit for Neandertal admixture is between sub-Saharan groups and the rest[...] our results show that Neandertal genomic traces do not mark a division between African and non-Africans but rather a division between Sub-Saharan Africans and the rest of modern human groups, including those from North Africa.»
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «We found that North African populations have a significant excess of derived alleles shared with Neandertals, when compared to sub-Saharan Africans. This excess is similar to that found in non-African humans, a fact that can be interpreted as a sign of Neandertal admixture. Furthermore, the Neandertal's genetic signal is higher in populations with a local, pre-Neolithic North African ancestry. Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.»
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «North African populations have a complex genetic background. In addition to an autochthonous genetic component, they exhibit signals of European, sub-Saharan and Near Eastern admixture as previously described[...] Tunisian Berbers and Saharawi are those populations with highest autochthonous North African component[...] The results of the f4 ancestry ratio test (Table 2 and Table S1) show that North African populations vary in the percentage of Neandertal inferred admixture, primarily depending on the amount of European or Near Eastern ancestry they present (Table 1). Populations like North Morocco and Egypt, with the highest European and Near Eastern component (∼40%), have also the highest amount of Neandertal ancestry (∼60–70%) (Figure 3). On the contrary, South Morocco that exhibits the highest Sub-Saharan component (∼60%), shows the lowest Neandertal signal (20%). Interestingly, the analysis of the Tunisian and N-TUN populations shows a higher Neandertal ancestry component than any other North African population and at least the same (or even higher) as other Eurasian populations (100–138%) (Figure 3).»
Hershkovitz, Israel; Marder, Ofer; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Yasur, Gal; Boaretto, Elisabetta (28 de enero de 2015). «Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans». Nature520 (7546): 216-19. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..216H. PMID25629628. doi:10.1038/nature14134.
Barras, Colin (2017). «Who are you? How the story of human origins is being rewritten». New Scientist. «Most of us alive today carry inside our cells at least some DNA from a species that last saw the light of day tens of thousands of years ago. And we all carry different bits – to the extent that if you could add them all up, Krause says you could reconstitute something like one-third of the Neanderthal genome and 90 per cent of the Denisovan genome.»
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
based on
Schlebusch et al., "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
Science, 28 September 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6266, Fig. 3 (H. sapiens divergence times) and
Stringer, C. (2012). «What makes a modern human». Nature485 (7396): 33-35. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...33S. PMID22552077. doi:10.1038/485033a.
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «We show that North African populations, like all non-African humans, also carry the signature of admixture with Neandertals, and that the real geographical limit for Neandertal admixture is between sub-Saharan groups and the rest[...] our results show that Neandertal genomic traces do not mark a division between African and non-Africans but rather a division between Sub-Saharan Africans and the rest of modern human groups, including those from North Africa.»
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «We found that North African populations have a significant excess of derived alleles shared with Neandertals, when compared to sub-Saharan Africans. This excess is similar to that found in non-African humans, a fact that can be interpreted as a sign of Neandertal admixture. Furthermore, the Neandertal's genetic signal is higher in populations with a local, pre-Neolithic North African ancestry. Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.»
Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D. (2012). «North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals». PLOS ONE7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. PMC3474783. PMID23082212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. «North African populations have a complex genetic background. In addition to an autochthonous genetic component, they exhibit signals of European, sub-Saharan and Near Eastern admixture as previously described[...] Tunisian Berbers and Saharawi are those populations with highest autochthonous North African component[...] The results of the f4 ancestry ratio test (Table 2 and Table S1) show that North African populations vary in the percentage of Neandertal inferred admixture, primarily depending on the amount of European or Near Eastern ancestry they present (Table 1). Populations like North Morocco and Egypt, with the highest European and Near Eastern component (∼40%), have also the highest amount of Neandertal ancestry (∼60–70%) (Figure 3). On the contrary, South Morocco that exhibits the highest Sub-Saharan component (∼60%), shows the lowest Neandertal signal (20%). Interestingly, the analysis of the Tunisian and N-TUN populations shows a higher Neandertal ancestry component than any other North African population and at least the same (or even higher) as other Eurasian populations (100–138%) (Figure 3).»
Krings, M.; Stone, A.; Schmitz, R.W.; Krainitzki, H.; Stoneking, M.; Pääbo, Svante (1997). «Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans». Cell90 (1): 19-30. PMID9230299. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80310-4.
Wall, J.D.; Hammer, M.F. (2006). «Archaic admixture in the human genome». Current Opinion in Genetics & Development16 (6): 606-10. PMID17027252. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2006.09.006.
Ding, Q.; Hu, Y.; Xu, S.; Wang, J.; Jin, L. (2014). «Neanderthal Introgression at Chromosome 3p21.31 was Under Positive Natural Selection in East Asians». Molecular Biology and Evolution31 (3): 683-95. PMID24336922. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst260.
Akkuratov, Evgeny E; Gelfand, Mikhail S; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E (2018). «Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry in Papuans: A functional study». Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology16 (2): 1840011. PMID29739306. doi:10.1142/S0219720018400115.
Hershkovitz, Israel; Marder, Ofer; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Yasur, Gal; Boaretto, Elisabetta (28 de enero de 2015). «Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans». Nature520 (7546): 216-19. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..216H. PMID25629628. doi:10.1038/nature14134.
Arun Durvasula; Sriram Sankararaman (2020). «Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations». Science Advances6 (7): eaax5097. PMC7015685. PMID32095519. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax5097. "Non-African populations (Han Chinese in Beijing and Utah residents with northern and western European ancestry) also show analogous patterns in the CSFS, suggesting that a component of archaic ancestry was shared before the split of African and non-African populations...One interpretation of the recent time of introgression that we document is that archaic forms persisted in Africa until fairly recently. Alternately, the archaic population could have introgressed earlier into a modern human population, which then subsequently interbred with the ancestors of the populations that we have analyzed here. The models that we have explored here are not mutually exclusive, and it is plausible that the history of African populations includes genetic contributions from multiple divergent populations, as evidenced by the large effective population size associated with the introgressing archaic population...Given the uncertainty in our estimates of the time of introgression, we wondered whether jointly analyzing the CSFS from both the CEU (Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry) and YRI genomes could provide additional resolution. Under model C, we simulated introgression before and after the split between African and non-African populations and observed qualitative differences between the two models in the high-frequency–derived allele bins of the CSFS in African and non-African populations (fig. S40). Using ABC to jointly fit the high-frequency–derived allele bins of the CSFS in CEU and YRI (defined as greater than 50% frequency), we find that the lower limit on the 95% credible interval of the introgression time is older than the simulated split between CEU and YRI (2800 versus 2155 generations B.P.), indicating that at least part of the archaic lineages seen in the YRI are also shared with the CEU..."
Bergström, A; McCarthy, S; Hui, R; Almarri, M; Ayub, Q (2020). «Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes». Science367 (6484): eaay5012. PMC7115999. PMID32193295. doi:10.1126/science.aay5012. "An analysis of archaic sequences in modern populations identifies ancestral genetic variation in African populations that likely predates modern humans and has been lost in most non-African populations...We found small amounts of Neanderthal ancestry in West African genomes, most likely reflecting Eurasian admixture. Despite their very low levels or absence of archaic ancestry, African populations share many Neanderthal and Denisovan variants that are absent from Eurasia, reflecting how a larger proportion of the ancestral human variation has been maintained in Africa."
[1] Supplementary Materials for Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations", section "S8.2" "We simulated data using the same priors in Section S5.2, but computed the spectrum for both YRI [West African Yoruba] and CEU [a population of European origin] . We found that the best fitting parameters were an archaic split time of 27,000 generations ago (95% HPD: 26,000-28,000), admixture fraction of 0.09 (95% HPD: 0.04-0.17), admixture time of 3,000 generations ago (95% HPD: 2,800-3,400), and an effective population size of 19,700 individuals (95% HPD: 19,300-20,200). We find that the lower bound of the admixture time is further back than the simulated split between CEU and YRI (2155 generations ago), providing some evidence in favor of a pre-Out-of-Africa event. This model suggests that many populations outside of Africa should also contain haplotypes from this introgression event, though detection is difficult because many methods use unadmixed outgroups to detect introgressed haplotypes [Browning et al., 2018, Skov et al., 2018, Durvasula and Sankararaman, 2019] (5, 53, 22). It is also possible that some of these haplotypes were lost during the Out-of-Africa bottleneck."
based on
Schlebusch et al., "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
Science, 28 September 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6266, Fig. 3 (H. sapiens divergence times) and
Stringer, C. (2012). «What makes a modern human». Nature485 (7396): 33-35. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...33S. PMID22552077. doi:10.1038/485033a.
si.edu
humanorigins.si.edu
«Oase 2». Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 23 de enero de 2010. Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2018.
