Obesidad (Spanish Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Obesidad" in Spanish language version.

Last modified: 20:01:26, 7 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank Spanish rank

8873nih.gov

5^th place

6657doi.org

2^nd place

3429archive.org

6^th place

4^th place

1212web.archive.org

1^st place

87who.int

213^th place

254^th place

84nice.org.uk

4,081^st place

4,485^th place

77cdc.gov

251^st place

436^th place

77issn.org

33^rd place

3^rd place

32wiley.com

150^th place

149^th place

31tuotromedico.com

low place

22analesdepediatria.org

low place

22bbc.co.uk

11^th place

19^th place

22thelancet.com

2,615^th place

2,166^th place

22annals.org

low place

9,151^st place

11ama-assn.org

4,430^th place

3,840^th place

11saludnl.gob.mx

low place

11ranm.es

low place

1,345^th place

11upc.edu.pe

low place

3,359^th place

11hormones.gr

low place

11dh.gov.uk

low place

11sourceoecd.org

low place

11insp.mx

low place

11nber.org

3,811^th place

5,709^th place

11usda.gov

512^th place

1,004^th place

11guardian.co.uk

382^nd place

136^th place

11scielo.cl

4,292^nd place

397^th place

11sci-news.com

low place

8,005^th place

11sagepub.com

609^th place

619^th place

11nature.com

207^th place

164^th place

11nytimes.com

7^th place

10^th place

11elconfidencial.com

1,069^th place

86^th place

11scielo.org.pe

low place

1,997^th place

11surgeongeneral.gov

low place

11usc.edu

1,432^nd place

2,146^th place

11ajcn.org

low place

7,305^th place

11obymed.es

low place

11ngc.gov

low place

11cochrane.org

low place

6,175^th place

11bmj.com

1,341^st place

1,441^st place

11nejm.org

2,717^th place

2,164^th place

11mendeley.com

low place

11uca.edu.ar

low place

1,883^rd place

11msn.com

188^th place

180^th place

11forbes.com

71^st place

114^th place

11healthaffairs.org

low place

11rcplondon.ac.uk

9,423^rd place

low place

11parliament.uk

313^th place

1,269^th place

11kingsfund.org.uk

low place

ajcn.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 7,305^th place)

Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R (2004). «Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk». Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79 (3): 379-84. PMID 14985210.

ama-assn.org (Global: 4,430^th place; Spanish: 3,840^th place)

policysearch.ama-assn.org

«Buscador de Políticas». Asociación Médica Estadounidense (AMA). Consultado el 18 de agosto de 2022.

analesdepediatria.org (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

Alustiza Martínez, Elena (2020). «Abordaje de factores de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2.». Anales de Pediatría.
Alustiza Martínez, Elena (2020). «Abordaje de factores de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en adolescentes.». Anales de Pediatría.

annals.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 9,151^st place)

Snow V, Barry P, Fitterman N, Qaseem A, Weiss K (2005). «Pharmacologic and surgical management of obesity in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians». Ann Intern Med 142 (7): 525-31. PMID 15809464. Texto completo.
Dansinger ML, Tatsioni A, Wong JB, Chung M, Balk EM (2007). «Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss». Ann. Intern. Med. 147 (1): 41-50. PMID 17606960.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Spanish: 4^th place)

Haslam DW, James WP (2005). «Obesity». Lancet 366 (9492): 1197-209. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 16198769. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1.
Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, et al (2007). «A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity». Science 316 (5826): 889-94. PMID 17434869. doi:10.1126/science.1141634.
Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW (2004). «Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases». J. Appl. Physiol. 96 (1): 3-10. PMID 14660491. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003.
Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA (1993). «Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency». Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 38 (1): 63-71. PMID 8435887. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x.
Flier JS (2004). «Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic». Cell 116 (2): 337-50. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X. PMID 14744442.
Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, Walter F. (2003). Medical physiology: a cellular and molecular approach. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-3256-4.
Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI (2006). «Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity». Nature 444 (7122): 1022-3. PMID 17183309. doi:10.1038/4441022a.
Levine JA, Lanningham-Foster LM, McCrady SK, Krizan AC, Olson LR, Kane PH, Jensen MD, Clark MM (2005). «Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity». Science 307 (5709): 584-6. PMID 15681386 doi 10.1126/science.1106561.
Lopez R (2004). «Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese». Am J Public Health 94 (9): 1574-9. PMID 15333317.
Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al (1995). «Body weight and mortality among women». N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (11): 677-85. PMID 7637744. doi:10.1056/NEJM199509143331101.
Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D (2004). «Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial». JAMA 291 (24): 2978-84. PMID 15213209. doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2978.
Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, et al (2006). «Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies». Lancet 368 (9536): 666-78. PMID 16920472. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9.
Pignone MP, Ammerman A, Fernandez L, et al (2003). «Counseling to promote a healthy diet in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force». American journal of preventive medicine 24 (1): 75-92. PMID 12554027. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00580-9.
Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, et al (2006). «Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women». N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (19): 1991-2002. PMID 17093250. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055317.
Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al (2003). «A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity». N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2074-81. PMID 12761364. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022637.
Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al (2003). «A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity». N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2082-90. PMID 12761365. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022207.
Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ (2005). «Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial». JAMA 293 (1): 43-53. PMID 15632335. doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43.
Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (1): 39-49. PMID 16391215. doi:10.1001/jama.295.1.39.
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 655-66. PMID 16467234. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.655.
Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 629-42. PMID 16467232. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.629.
Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 643-54. PMID 16467233. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.643.
Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS (2007). «Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial». JAMA 297 (19): 2092-102. PMID 17507345. doi:10.1001/jama.297.19.2092.
Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, et al (1994). «Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus». JAMA 271 (18): 1421-8. PMID 7848401. doi:10.1001/jama.271.18.1421.
Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, et al (1981). «Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange». Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34 (3): 362-6. PMID 6259925.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998). «Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)». Lancet 352 (9131): 854-65. PMID 9742977. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8.
Encinosa WE, Bernard DM, Chen CC, Steiner CA (2006). «Healthcare utilization and outcomes after bariatric surgery». Medical care 44 (8): 706-12. PMID 16862031. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000220833.89050.ed.
Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al (2007). «Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects». N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 741-52. PMID 17715408. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066254.
Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al (2007). «Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery». N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 753-61. PMID 17715409. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066603.
Dannenberg AL, Burton DC, Jackson RJ (2004). «Economic and environmental costs of obesity: the impact on airlines». American journal of preventive medicine 27 (3): 264. PMID 15450642. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.004.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; Spanish: 19^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

BBC England to have 13m obese by 2010. 25 de agosto de 2006.
US people getting fatter, fast. BBC NEWS.

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; Spanish: 1,441^st place)

Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC (2007). «Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis». BMJ 335 (7631): 1194-9. PMID 18006966. doi:10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; Spanish: 436^th place)

CDC (21 de marzo de 2022). «Causas y consecuencias de la obesidad infantil». Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archivado desde el original el 15 de abril de 2022. Consultado el 18 de agosto de 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Fast Facts A to Z. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2007.
epidemiologic.org y cdc.gov
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Obesity Trends 1984-2002.
«Nutrition for everyone», artículo del National Control for Health Statistics, en el sitio web de los Centros de Control y Prevención de las Enfermedades. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2007 (en inglés).
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
«Obesity and Overweight: Economic Consequences». CDC. 22 de mayo de 2007. Consultado el 5 de septiembre de 2007.

cochrane.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 6,175^th place)

es.cochrane.org

«La evidencia científica sobre el ayuno intermitente para adelgazar no está a la altura de su fama».

dh.gov.uk (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

«Forecasting obesity to 2010». Archivado desde el original el 10 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 19 de junio de 2019.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Spanish: 2^nd place)

dx.doi.org

Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, Lear SA, Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Sanders P, St-Onge MP (mayo 2021). «Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association». Circulation 143 (21): e984-e1010. PMC 8493650. PMID 33882682. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973.
Haslam DW, James WP (2005). «Obesity». Lancet 366 (9492): 1197-209. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 16198769. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1.
Lau, E; Carvalho, D; Pina-Vaz, C; Barbosa, JA; Freitas, P (2015 Jul). «Beyond gut microbiota: understanding obesity and type 2 diabetes». Hormones (Athens) 14 (3): 358-69. PMID 26188221. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1571.
Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, et al (2007). «A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity». Science 316 (5826): 889-94. PMID 17434869. doi:10.1126/science.1141634.
Winkler, Thomas W.; Justice, Anne E.; Graff, Mariaelisa; Barata, Llilda; Feitosa, Mary F.; Chu, Su; Czajkowski, Jacek; Esko, Tõnu et al. (1 de octubre de 2015). «The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study». PLoS genetics 11 (10): e1005378. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4591371. PMID 26426971. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378. Consultado el 20 de febrero de 2017.
Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW (2004). «Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases». J. Appl. Physiol. 96 (1): 3-10. PMID 14660491. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003.
Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA (1993). «Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency». Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 38 (1): 63-71. PMID 8435887. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x.
Vivas S, Vaquero L, Rodríguez-Martín L, Caminero A (6 de noviembre de 2015). «Age-related differences in celiac disease: Specific characteristics of adult presentation». World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther (Revisión) 6 (4): 207-12. PMC 4635160. PMID 26558154. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.207.
Farnetti S, Zocco MA, Garcovich M, Gasbarrini A, Capristo E. (noviembre de 2014). «Functional and metabolic disorders in celiac disease: new implications for nutritional treatment». J Med Food (Revisión) 17 (11): 1159-64. PMID 25072743. doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.0025.
Nyberg, Solja T.; Frank, Philipp; Ahmadi-Abhari, Sara; Pentti, Jaana; Vahtera, Jussi; Ervasti, Jenni; Suominen, Sakari B.; Strandberg, Timo E. et al. (9 de febrero de 2026). «Adult obesity and risk of severe infections: a multicohort study with global burden estimates». The Lancet (en inglés) 0 (0). ISSN 0140-6736. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02474-2. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2026.
Flier JS (2004). «Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic». Cell 116 (2): 337-50. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X. PMID 14744442.
Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI (2006). «Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity». Nature 444 (7122): 1022-3. PMID 17183309. doi:10.1038/4441022a.
R. Mathur; M. Amachai; K.S. Chua; J. Mirocha; G.M. Barlow; M. Pimentel (23 de marzo de 2013). «Methane and hydrogen positivity on breath test is associated with greater body mass index and body fat». Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3144. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2016.
Zagorsky JL: «Is obesity as dangerous to your wealth as to your health?», artículo en Res Aging, 26: pp. 130-152; 2004. doi 10.1177/0164027503258519.
Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years 357 (4). pp. 370-379. PMID 17652652. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa066082.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019-05). «Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults». Nature (en inglés) 569 (7755): 260-264. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 6784868. PMID 31068725. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2020.
Levine JA, Lanningham-Foster LM, McCrady SK, Krizan AC, Olson LR, Kane PH, Jensen MD, Clark MM (2005). «Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity». Science 307 (5709): 584-6. PMID 15681386 doi 10.1126/science.1106561.
Bray GA (2004). «Medical consequences of obesity». J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (6): 2583-9. PMID 15181027. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0535.
Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al (1995). «Body weight and mortality among women». N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (11): 677-85. PMID 7637744. doi:10.1056/NEJM199509143331101.
Grundy SM (2004). «Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease». J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (6): 2595-600. PMID 15181029. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0372.
van der Steeg JW, Steures P, Eijkemans MJ, et al (2008). «Obesity affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women». Hum. Reprod. 23 (2): 324-8. PMID 18077317. doi:10.1093/humrep/dem371.
Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D (2004). «Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial». JAMA 291 (24): 2978-84. PMID 15213209. doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2978.
Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, Fryzek J, McLaughlin JK, Nyrén O (2006). «Obesity and risk for chronic renal failure». J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (6): 1695-702. PMID 16641153. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005060638.
Archana Singh-Manoux et al. «Timing of onset of cognitive decline: results from Whitehall II prospective cohort study». British Medical Journal. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7622.
Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry CP Jr, Yaffe K (2005). «Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study». BMJ 330 (7504): 1360. doi:10.1136/bmj.38446.466238.E0. PMID 15863436.
Tasnime N. Akbaraly et al. (2009). «Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged AdultsResults from the Whitehall II study». Diabetes Care. doi:10.2337/dc08-1358.
Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, et al (2006). «Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies». Lancet 368 (9536): 666-78. PMID 16920472. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9.
Pignone MP, Ammerman A, Fernandez L, et al (2003). «Counseling to promote a healthy diet in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force». American journal of preventive medicine 24 (1): 75-92. PMID 12554027. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00580-9.
Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C (2006). «Exercise for overweight or obesity». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD003817. PMID 17054187. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003817.pub3.
Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A, et al (2006). «Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC "diet trials"». BMJ 332 (7553): 1309-14. PMID 16720619. doi:10.1136/bmj.38833.411204.80.
Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, et al (2006). «Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women». N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (19): 1991-2002. PMID 17093250. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055317.
Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P (2002). «Advice on low-fat diets for obesity». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD003640. PMID 12076496. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003640.
Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al (2003). «A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity». N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2074-81. PMID 12761364. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022637.
Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al (2003). «A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity». N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2082-90. PMID 12761365. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022207.
Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ (2005). «Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial». JAMA 293 (1): 43-53. PMID 15632335. doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43.
Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al (2006). «Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials». Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (3): 285-93. PMID 16476868. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285.
Garegnani, Luis I; Oltra, Gisela; Ivaldi, Diego; Burgos, Mariana Andrea; Andrenacci, Paola J; Rico, Sabrina; Boyd, Melinda; Radler, Diane et al. (16 de febrero de 2026). «Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity». En Cochrane Central Editorial Service, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (en inglés) 2026 (2). PMC 12906965. PMID 41692034. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015610.pub2. Consultado el 24 de junio de 2026.
Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (1): 39-49. PMID 16391215. doi:10.1001/jama.295.1.39.
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 655-66. PMID 16467234. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.655.
Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 629-42. PMID 16467232. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.629.
Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 643-54. PMID 16467233. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.643.
Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS (2007). «Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial». JAMA 297 (19): 2092-102. PMID 17507345. doi:10.1001/jama.297.19.2092.
Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, et al (1994). «Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus». JAMA 271 (18): 1421-8. PMID 7848401. doi:10.1001/jama.271.18.1421.
Thomas D, Elliott E, Baur L (2007). Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity 3. p. CD005105. PMID 17636786. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2.
McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al (2006). «Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial». Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (14): 1466-75. PMID 16864756. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466.
Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L (2007). «Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD005105. PMID 17636786. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2.
Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC (2007). «Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis». BMJ 335 (7631): 1194-9. PMID 18006966. doi:10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25.
Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J (2005). «Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (en línea) (1): CD004096. PMID 15674929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004096.pub2.
Meza, Nicolás; Bracchiglione, Javier; Escobar Liquitay, Camila Micaela; Madrid, Eva; Varela, Lucia B; Guo, Yang; Urrútia, Gerard; Er, Selcuk et al. (30 de octubre de 2025). «Liraglutide for adults living with obesity». En Cochrane Central Editorial Service, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (en inglés) 2025 (11). PMC 12571521. PMID 41161684. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD016017. Consultado el 24 de junio de 2026.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998). «Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)». Lancet 352 (9131): 854-65. PMID 9742977. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8.
Fonseca V (2003). «Effect of thiazolidinediones on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus». Am. J. Med. 115 Suppl 8A: 42S-48S. PMID 14678865. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.005.
Encinosa WE, Bernard DM, Chen CC, Steiner CA (2006). «Healthcare utilization and outcomes after bariatric surgery». Medical care 44 (8): 706-12. PMID 16862031. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000220833.89050.ed.
Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al (2007). «Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects». N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 741-52. PMID 17715408. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066254.
Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al (2007). «Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery». N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 753-61. PMID 17715409. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066603.
Dannenberg AL, Burton DC, Jackson RJ (2004). «Economic and environmental costs of obesity: the impact on airlines». American journal of preventive medicine 27 (3): 264. PMID 15450642. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.004.
Ostbye T, Dement JM, Krause KM (2007). «Obesity and workers' compensation: results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System». Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (8): 766-73. PMID 17452538. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.766.
Swinburn, Boyd A.; Kraak, Vivica I.; Allender, Steven; Atkins, Vincent J.; Baker, Phillip I.; Bogard, Jessica R.; Brinsden, Hannah; Calvillo, Alejandro et al. (23 de febrero de 2019). «The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report». The Lancet (en inglés) 393 (10173): 791-846. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 30700377. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8. Consultado el 29 de abril de 2025.

elconfidencial.com (Global: 1,069^th place; Spanish: 86^th place)

Singh-Manoux et al. (agosto 2012). «Obesity Phenotypes In Midlife And Cognition In Early Old Age: The Whitehall Ii Cohort Study». Neurology 79 (8). consultado en «La estimulación cerebral, el tratamiento definitivo contra la obesidad». Consultado el 22 de agosto de 2012.

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; Spanish: 114^th place)

Why Airlines Can't Cut The Fat, Lisa DiCarlo, 24 de octubre de 2002, Forbes

guardian.co.uk (Global: 382^nd place; Spanish: 136^th place)

Caroline Bennett and agencies (13 de agosto de 2007). «Call to ban cars nears schools to tackle obesity». The Guardian. Consultado el 24 de marzo de 2008.

healthaffairs.org (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

content.healthaffairs.org

Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IA, Wang G (2003). «National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: how much, and who’s paying». National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: how much, and who's paying. Online (May).

hormones.gr (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

Lau, E; Carvalho, D; Pina-Vaz, C; Barbosa, JA; Freitas, P (2015 Jul). «Beyond gut microbiota: understanding obesity and type 2 diabetes». Hormones (Athens) 14 (3): 358-69. PMID 26188221. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1571.

insp.mx (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

ensanut.insp.mx

Resultados principales Archivado el 27 de noviembre de 2012 en Wayback Machine. y Resultados en nutrición Archivado el 7 de diciembre de 2012 en Wayback Machine. de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México.

issn.org (Global: 33^rd place; Spanish: 3^rd place)

portal.issn.org

Haslam DW, James WP (2005). «Obesity». Lancet 366 (9492): 1197-209. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 16198769. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1.
Popkin, Barry (septiembre de 2007). The World Is Fat. Scientific American. p. 94. ISSN 0036-8733.
Winkler, Thomas W.; Justice, Anne E.; Graff, Mariaelisa; Barata, Llilda; Feitosa, Mary F.; Chu, Su; Czajkowski, Jacek; Esko, Tõnu et al. (1 de octubre de 2015). «The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study». PLoS genetics 11 (10): e1005378. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4591371. PMID 26426971. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378. Consultado el 20 de febrero de 2017.
Nyberg, Solja T.; Frank, Philipp; Ahmadi-Abhari, Sara; Pentti, Jaana; Vahtera, Jussi; Ervasti, Jenni; Suominen, Sakari B.; Strandberg, Timo E. et al. (9 de febrero de 2026). «Adult obesity and risk of severe infections: a multicohort study with global burden estimates». The Lancet (en inglés) 0 (0). ISSN 0140-6736. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02474-2. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2026.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019-05). «Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults». Nature (en inglés) 569 (7755): 260-264. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 6784868. PMID 31068725. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2020.
Losada, Analía Verónica; Rijavec, María Inés (2017). «Consecuencias psicológicas en niños con obesidad producto de la estigmatización social». Neuronum, 3(2), 1-20, 2017. ISSN 2422-5193. Consultado el 26 de octubre de 2019.
Swinburn, Boyd A.; Kraak, Vivica I.; Allender, Steven; Atkins, Vincent J.; Baker, Phillip I.; Bogard, Jessica R.; Brinsden, Hannah; Calvillo, Alejandro et al. (23 de febrero de 2019). «The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report». The Lancet (en inglés) 393 (10173): 791-846. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 30700377. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8. Consultado el 29 de abril de 2025.

kingsfund.org.uk (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

Wanless, Sir Derek; John Appleby, Anthony Harrison, Darshan Patel (2007). Our Future Health Secured? A review of NHS funding and performance. Londres, Reino Unido: The King's Fund. ISBN 185717562X. Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2007.

mendeley.com (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

Anna Peeters, Jan J Barendregt, Frans Willekens, Johan P Mackenbach, Abdullah Al Mamun, Luc Bonneux (2003) Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine (2003) Volume 138, Issue 1, Publisher: Am Coll Physicians, pp. 24-32, PubMed: 12513041.

msn.com (Global: 188^th place; Spanish: 180^th place)

msnbc.msn.com

Phillips, Stone (18 de agosto de 2006). Who's to blame for the U.S. obesity epidemic? (en inglés). MSNBC. Consultado el 3 de junio de 2007.

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; Spanish: 164^th place)

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019-05). «Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults». Nature (en inglés) 569 (7755): 260-264. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 6784868. PMID 31068725. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2020.

nber.org (Global: 3,811^th place; Spanish: 5,709^th place)

Sara Bleich, David Cutler, Christopher Murray, Alyce Adams. «Why is the developed world obese?», National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper N.º 12954. Publicado en marzo de 2007 (en inglés).

nejm.org (Global: 2,717^th place; Spanish: 2,164^th place)

Steinbrook R. (2004) Surgery for severe obesity NEJM 2004; 350(11): 1075-1079

ngc.gov (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

«Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote a healthy diet: recommendations and rationale.». Archivado desde el original el 15 de mayo de 2008. Consultado el 22 de mayo de 2007.

nice.org.uk (Global: 4,081^st place; Spanish: 4,485^th place)

nice.org.uk

«NICE issues guidance on surgery for morbid obesity». National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 19 de julio de 2002. Archivado desde el original el 14 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 8 de marzo de 2007.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 43: Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. London, 2006.

guidance.nice.org.uk

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 43: Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. London, 2006.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 43: Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. Londres, 2006.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; Spanish: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, Lear SA, Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Sanders P, St-Onge MP (mayo 2021). «Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association». Circulation 143 (21): e984-e1010. PMC 8493650. PMID 33882682. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973.
Haslam DW, James WP (2005). «Obesity». Lancet 366 (9492): 1197-209. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 16198769. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1.
Lau, E; Carvalho, D; Pina-Vaz, C; Barbosa, JA; Freitas, P (2015 Jul). «Beyond gut microbiota: understanding obesity and type 2 diabetes». Hormones (Athens) 14 (3): 358-69. PMID 26188221. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1571.
Morrill A, Chinn C. The obesity epidemic in the United States. J Public Health Policy 2004;25:353-366. PMID 15683071.
Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, et al (2007). «A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity». Science 316 (5826): 889-94. PMID 17434869. doi:10.1126/science.1141634.
Winkler, Thomas W.; Justice, Anne E.; Graff, Mariaelisa; Barata, Llilda; Feitosa, Mary F.; Chu, Su; Czajkowski, Jacek; Esko, Tõnu et al. (1 de octubre de 2015). «The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study». PLoS genetics 11 (10): e1005378. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4591371. PMID 26426971. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378. Consultado el 20 de febrero de 2017.
Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW (2004). «Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases». J. Appl. Physiol. 96 (1): 3-10. PMID 14660491. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003.
Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA (1993). «Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency». Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 38 (1): 63-71. PMID 8435887. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x.
Vivas S, Vaquero L, Rodríguez-Martín L, Caminero A (6 de noviembre de 2015). «Age-related differences in celiac disease: Specific characteristics of adult presentation». World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther (Revisión) 6 (4): 207-12. PMC 4635160. PMID 26558154. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.207.
Daulatzai MA (2015). «Non-celiac gluten sensitivity triggers gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, gut-brain axis dysfunction, and vulnerability for dementia». CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets (Revisión) 14 (1): 110-31. PMID 25642988.
Farnetti S, Zocco MA, Garcovich M, Gasbarrini A, Capristo E. (noviembre de 2014). «Functional and metabolic disorders in celiac disease: new implications for nutritional treatment». J Med Food (Revisión) 17 (11): 1159-64. PMID 25072743. doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.0025.
Flier JS (2004). «Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic». Cell 116 (2): 337-50. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X. PMID 14744442.
Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI (2006). «Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity». Nature 444 (7122): 1022-3. PMID 17183309. doi:10.1038/4441022a.
R. Mathur; M. Amachai; K.S. Chua; J. Mirocha; G.M. Barlow; M. Pimentel (23 de marzo de 2013). «Methane and hydrogen positivity on breath test is associated with greater body mass index and body fat». Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3144. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2016.
Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years 357 (4). pp. 370-379. PMID 17652652. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa066082.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019-05). «Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults». Nature (en inglés) 569 (7755): 260-264. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 6784868. PMID 31068725. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2020.
Levine JA, Lanningham-Foster LM, McCrady SK, Krizan AC, Olson LR, Kane PH, Jensen MD, Clark MM (2005). «Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity». Science 307 (5709): 584-6. PMID 15681386 doi 10.1126/science.1106561.
Lopez R (2004). «Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese». Am J Public Health 94 (9): 1574-9. PMID 15333317.
Pansini F, Cervellati C, Guariento A, et al. Oxidative stress, body fat composition, and endocrine status in pre- and postmenopausal women. Menopause 15:112-118;2008. PMID 18257144.
Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, de Jonge L, Xie H, Smith SR. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. Int J Obes (Lond) 32:949-958;2008. PMID 18332882.
Janssen I, Powell LH, Kazlauskaite R, Dugan SA. Testosterone and visceral fat in midlife women: The study of women's health across the nation (SWAN) fat patterning study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:604-610;2010. PMID 19696765.
Fernández-Alonso AM, Cuadros JL, Chedraui P, Mendoza M, Cuadros AM, Pérez-López FR. Obesity is related to increased menopausal symptoms among Spanish women. Menopause Int 16(3):105-110;2010. PMID 20956684.
Cuadros JL, Fernández-Alonso AM, Cuadros AM, Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR. Body mass index and its correlation to metabolic and hormone parameters in postmenopausal Spanish women. Gynecol Endocrinol 27(9):678-84;2011. PMID 21133833.
Arakane M, Castillo C, Rosero MF, Peñafiel R, Pérez-López FR, Chedraui P. Factors relating to insomnia during the menopausal transition as evaluated by the Insomnia Severity Index. Maturitas 69(2):157-161;2011. PMID 21444163.
Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR, Morales B, Hidalgo L. Depressive symptoms in climacteric women are related to menopausal symptom intensity and partner factors.Climacteric 12(5):395-403;2009. PMID 19387879.
Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR, Blümel JE, Hidalgo L, Barriga J. Hyperglycemia in postmenopausal women screened for the metabolic syndrome is associated to increased sexual complaints. Gynecol Endocrinol 26(2):86-92;2010. PMID 19908936.
Llaneza P, Fernández-Iñarrea JM, Arnott B, García-Portilla MP, Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR. Sexual function assessment in postmenopausal women with the 14-item changes in sexual functioning questionnaire. J Sex Med 8(8):2144-2151;2011. PMID 21679299.
Bray GA (2004). «Medical consequences of obesity». J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (6): 2583-9. PMID 15181027. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0535.
Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al (1995). «Body weight and mortality among women». N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (11): 677-85. PMID 7637744. doi:10.1056/NEJM199509143331101.
Grundy SM (2004). «Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease». J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (6): 2595-600. PMID 15181029. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0372.
van der Steeg JW, Steures P, Eijkemans MJ, et al (2008). «Obesity affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women». Hum. Reprod. 23 (2): 324-8. PMID 18077317. doi:10.1093/humrep/dem371.
Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D (2004). «Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial». JAMA 291 (24): 2978-84. PMID 15213209. doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2978.
Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, Fryzek J, McLaughlin JK, Nyrén O (2006). «Obesity and risk for chronic renal failure». J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (6): 1695-702. PMID 16641153. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005060638.
Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry CP Jr, Yaffe K (2005). «Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study». BMJ 330 (7504): 1360. doi:10.1136/bmj.38446.466238.E0. PMID 15863436.
Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Pietrobelli, A., Goulding, A., Goran, M. I., Dietz, W. H.: «Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents.» Am J Clin Nutr, 75: pp. 978-985; 2002. PMID 12036802.
Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, et al (2006). «Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies». Lancet 368 (9536): 666-78. PMID 16920472. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9.
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L, INTERHEART Study Investigators. (2004). «Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study.». The Lancet 364: 937-52. PMID 15364185.
Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R (2004). «Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk». Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79 (3): 379-84. PMID 14985210.
Snow V, Barry P, Fitterman N, Qaseem A, Weiss K (2005). «Pharmacologic and surgical management of obesity in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians». Ann Intern Med 142 (7): 525-31. PMID 15809464. Texto completo.
Pignone MP, Ammerman A, Fernandez L, et al (2003). «Counseling to promote a healthy diet in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force». American journal of preventive medicine 24 (1): 75-92. PMID 12554027. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00580-9.
Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C (2006). «Exercise for overweight or obesity». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD003817. PMID 17054187. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003817.pub3.
Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A, et al (2006). «Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC "diet trials"». BMJ 332 (7553): 1309-14. PMID 16720619. doi:10.1136/bmj.38833.411204.80.
Dansinger ML, Tatsioni A, Wong JB, Chung M, Balk EM (2007). «Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss». Ann. Intern. Med. 147 (1): 41-50. PMID 17606960.
Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, et al (2006). «Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women». N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (19): 1991-2002. PMID 17093250. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055317.
Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P (2002). «Advice on low-fat diets for obesity». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD003640. PMID 12076496. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003640.
Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al (2003). «A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity». N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2074-81. PMID 12761364. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022637.
Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al (2003). «A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity». N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2082-90. PMID 12761365. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022207.
Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ (2005). «Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial». JAMA 293 (1): 43-53. PMID 15632335. doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43.
Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al (2006). «Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials». Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (3): 285-93. PMID 16476868. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285.
Garegnani, Luis I; Oltra, Gisela; Ivaldi, Diego; Burgos, Mariana Andrea; Andrenacci, Paola J; Rico, Sabrina; Boyd, Melinda; Radler, Diane et al. (16 de febrero de 2026). «Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity». En Cochrane Central Editorial Service, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (en inglés) 2026 (2). PMC 12906965. PMID 41692034. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015610.pub2. Consultado el 24 de junio de 2026.
Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (1): 39-49. PMID 16391215. doi:10.1001/jama.295.1.39.
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 655-66. PMID 16467234. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.655.
Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 629-42. PMID 16467232. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.629.
Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, et al (2006). «Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial». JAMA 295 (6): 643-54. PMID 16467233. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.643.
Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS (2007). «Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial». JAMA 297 (19): 2092-102. PMID 17507345. doi:10.1001/jama.297.19.2092.
Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al (2004). «The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial». Ann. Intern. Med. 140 (10): 778-85. PMID 15148064.
Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, et al (1994). «Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus». JAMA 271 (18): 1421-8. PMID 7848401. doi:10.1001/jama.271.18.1421.
Thomas D, Elliott E, Baur L (2007). Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity 3. p. CD005105. PMID 17636786. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2.
Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, et al (1981). «Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange». Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34 (3): 362-6. PMID 6259925.
McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al (2006). «Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial». Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (14): 1466-75. PMID 16864756. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466.
Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L (2007). «Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD005105. PMID 17636786. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2.
Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC (2007). «Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis». BMJ 335 (7631): 1194-9. PMID 18006966. doi:10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25.
Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J (2005). «Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus». Cochrane database of systematic reviews (en línea) (1): CD004096. PMID 15674929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004096.pub2.
Meza, Nicolás; Bracchiglione, Javier; Escobar Liquitay, Camila Micaela; Madrid, Eva; Varela, Lucia B; Guo, Yang; Urrútia, Gerard; Er, Selcuk et al. (30 de octubre de 2025). «Liraglutide for adults living with obesity». En Cochrane Central Editorial Service, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (en inglés) 2025 (11). PMC 12571521. PMID 41161684. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD016017. Consultado el 24 de junio de 2026.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998). «Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)». Lancet 352 (9131): 854-65. PMID 9742977. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8.
Fonseca V (2003). «Effect of thiazolidinediones on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus». Am. J. Med. 115 Suppl 8A: 42S-48S. PMID 14678865. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.005.
Encinosa WE, Bernard DM, Chen CC, Steiner CA (2006). «Healthcare utilization and outcomes after bariatric surgery». Medical care 44 (8): 706-12. PMID 16862031. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000220833.89050.ed.
Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al (2007). «Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects». N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 741-52. PMID 17715408. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066254.
Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al (2007). «Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery». N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 753-61. PMID 17715409. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066603.
Dannenberg AL, Burton DC, Jackson RJ (2004). «Economic and environmental costs of obesity: the impact on airlines». American journal of preventive medicine 27 (3): 264. PMID 15450642. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.004.
Ostbye T, Dement JM, Krause KM (2007). «Obesity and workers' compensation: results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System». Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (8): 766-73. PMID 17452538. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.766.
Swinburn, Boyd A.; Kraak, Vivica I.; Allender, Steven; Atkins, Vincent J.; Baker, Phillip I.; Bogard, Jessica R.; Brinsden, Hannah; Calvillo, Alejandro et al. (23 de febrero de 2019). «The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report». The Lancet (en inglés) 393 (10173): 791-846. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 30700377. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8. Consultado el 29 de abril de 2025.

nhlbi.nih.gov

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. International Medical Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-58808-002-1.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Spanish: 10^th place)

Pollan, Michael (22 de abril de 2007). «You Are What You Grow». New York Times. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2007.

obymed.es (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

«¿Qué es el Método Apollo?». Consultado el 21 de marzo de 2025.

parliament.uk (Global: 313^th place; Spanish: 1,269^th place)

publications.parliament.uk

Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Health Committee (May 2004). Obesity - Volume 1 - HCP 23-I, Third Report of session 2003-04. Report, together with formal minutes. London, UK: TSO (The Stationery Office). ISBN 0-21501-737-4. Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2007.

ranm.es (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,345^th place)

dtme.ranm.es

«obesidad». Real Academia Nacional de Medicina.

rcplondon.ac.uk (Global: 9,423^rd place; Spanish: low place)

Storing up problems; the medical case for a slimmer nation (PDF). London: Royal College of Physicians. 11 de febrero de 2004. ISBN 1-86016-200-2. Archivado desde el original el 27 de marzo de 2009. Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2008.

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; Spanish: 619^th place)

roa.sagepub.com

Zagorsky JL: «Is obesity as dangerous to your wealth as to your health?», artículo en Res Aging, 26: pp. 130-152; 2004. doi 10.1177/0164027503258519.

saludnl.gob.mx (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

«Trastornos Alimentarios: Bulimia, Anorexia, Obesidad». www.saludnl.gob.mx (en inglés). Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2022.

sci-news.com (Global: low place; Spanish: 8,005^th place)

Prostak, Sergio (29 de marzo de 2013). «Study Links Obesity to Gut Microflora». Sci-News. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2016.

scielo.cl (Global: 4,292^nd place; Spanish: 397^th place)

Baudrand et al. (2010) «El tejido graso como modulador endocrino: cambios hormonales asociados a la obesidad», artículo en la Rev Med Chile, 138: pp. 1294-1301; 2010. Consultado el 15 de noviembre de 2011.

scielo.org.pe (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,997^th place)

HINOJOSA ANDIA, Lucy J., y BERROCAL KASAY, Alfredo. Relación entre obesidad y osteoporosis, en mujeres posmenopáusicas del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza. Acta méd. peruana (en línea); sep./dic. 2007, vol. 24, n.º 3 (citado el 10 de agosto de 2011), pp. 172-176. ISSN 1728-5917.

sourceoecd.org (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

titania.sourceoecd.org

Según datos de 2005 de la OCDE. Véase §3.3, Sobrepeso y obesidad, Health at a Glance 2007: OECD Indicators Archivado el 23 de febrero de 2017 en Wayback Machine., fuente: OECD (consultado el 12 de enero de 2008).

surgeongeneral.gov (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity; U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of The Surgeon General; Washington, D. C. Consultado el 12 de julio de 2007.

thelancet.com (Global: 2,615^th place; Spanish: 2,166^th place)

Nyberg, Solja T.; Frank, Philipp; Ahmadi-Abhari, Sara; Pentti, Jaana; Vahtera, Jussi; Ervasti, Jenni; Suominen, Sakari B.; Strandberg, Timo E. et al. (9 de febrero de 2026). «Adult obesity and risk of severe infections: a multicohort study with global burden estimates». The Lancet (en inglés) 0 (0). ISSN 0140-6736. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02474-2. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2026.
Swinburn, Boyd A.; Kraak, Vivica I.; Allender, Steven; Atkins, Vincent J.; Baker, Phillip I.; Bogard, Jessica R.; Brinsden, Hannah; Calvillo, Alejandro et al. (23 de febrero de 2019). «The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report». The Lancet (en inglés) 393 (10173): 791-846. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 30700377. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8. Consultado el 29 de abril de 2025.

tuotromedico.com (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

Obesidad https://www.tuotromedico.com/

uca.edu.ar (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,883^rd place)

repositorio.uca.edu.ar

Losada, Analía Verónica; Rijavec, María Inés (2017). «Consecuencias psicológicas en niños con obesidad producto de la estigmatización social». Neuronum, 3(2), 1-20, 2017. ISSN 2422-5193. Consultado el 26 de octubre de 2019.

upc.edu.pe (Global: low place; Spanish: 3,359^th place)

repositorioacademico.upc.edu.pe

Trabajo Universitario sobre la Frecuencia de alimentación y su relación con el sobrepeso y obesidad. Análisis transversal en adolescentes peruanos del estudio internacional Niños del Milenio, elaborado por la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas https://repositorioacademico.upc.edu.pe/

usc.edu (Global: 1,432^nd place; Spanish: 2,146^th place)

surgery.usc.edu

«Bariatric Surgery». USC Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disorders. University of Southern California. 2006. Archivado desde el original el 26 de febrero de 2010. Consultado el 8 de marzo de 2007.

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; Spanish: 1,004^th place)

ers.usda.gov

Lin BH, Guthrie J, y Frazao E. (1999): «Nutrient contribution of food away from home» Archivado el 6 de agosto de 2009 en Wayback Machine., en: Frazao E (ed.): America's eating habits: changes and consequences. Agriculture Information Bulletin n.º 750, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, pp. 213-239.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Spanish: 1^st place)

CDC (21 de marzo de 2022). «Causas y consecuencias de la obesidad infantil». Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archivado desde el original el 15 de abril de 2022. Consultado el 18 de agosto de 2022.
«Forecasting obesity to 2010». Archivado desde el original el 10 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 19 de junio de 2019.
Según datos de 2005 de la OCDE. Véase §3.3, Sobrepeso y obesidad, Health at a Glance 2007: OECD Indicators Archivado el 23 de febrero de 2017 en Wayback Machine., fuente: OECD (consultado el 12 de enero de 2008).
epidemiologic.org y cdc.gov
Resultados principales Archivado el 27 de noviembre de 2012 en Wayback Machine. y Resultados en nutrición Archivado el 7 de diciembre de 2012 en Wayback Machine. de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México.
Lin BH, Guthrie J, y Frazao E. (1999): «Nutrient contribution of food away from home» Archivado el 6 de agosto de 2009 en Wayback Machine., en: Frazao E (ed.): America's eating habits: changes and consequences. Agriculture Information Bulletin n.º 750, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, pp. 213-239.
World Health Organization Technical report series 894: «Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic». Ginebra: World Health Organization, 2000. PDF Archivado el 1 de mayo de 2015 en Wayback Machine.. ISBN 92-4-120894-5.
«NICE issues guidance on surgery for morbid obesity». National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 19 de julio de 2002. Archivado desde el original el 14 de febrero de 2007. Consultado el 8 de marzo de 2007.
«Bariatric Surgery». USC Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disorders. University of Southern California. 2006. Archivado desde el original el 26 de febrero de 2010. Consultado el 8 de marzo de 2007.
«Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote a healthy diet: recommendations and rationale.». Archivado desde el original el 15 de mayo de 2008. Consultado el 22 de mayo de 2007.
The Economic Costs of Physical Inactivity, Obesity, and Overweight in California Adults, report by Chenoweth & Associates Inc. for the Cancer Prevention and Nutrition Section, California Center for Physical Activity, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, CA, 2005.
Storing up problems; the medical case for a slimmer nation (PDF). London: Royal College of Physicians. 11 de febrero de 2004. ISBN 1-86016-200-2. Archivado desde el original el 27 de marzo de 2009. Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2008.

who.int (Global: 213^th place; Spanish: 254^th place)

who.int

«Obesidad y sobrepeso», nota descriptiva n.º 311, en el sitio web de la OMS, mayo de 2012. Consultado el 27 de agosto de 2012.
Diez datos sobre la obesidad, clasificación del IMC, artículo en el sitio web de la OMS. Consultado el 6 de junio de 2011.
La obesidad, artículo en el sitio web de la OMS. Consultado el 6 de junio de 2011.
Nuevas amenazas para la salud de los niños y los adolescentes.
Obesidad y sobrepeso. Nota descriptiva N.º 311. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Marzo de 2011.
«Obesidad y sobrepeso». www.who.int. Consultado el 29 de abril de 2025.

whqlibdoc.who.int

World Health Organization Technical report series 894: «Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic». Ginebra: World Health Organization, 2000. PDF Archivado el 1 de mayo de 2015 en Wayback Machine.. ISBN 92-4-120894-5.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; Spanish: 149^th place)

doi.wiley.com

Garegnani, Luis I; Oltra, Gisela; Ivaldi, Diego; Burgos, Mariana Andrea; Andrenacci, Paola J; Rico, Sabrina; Boyd, Melinda; Radler, Diane et al. (16 de febrero de 2026). «Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity». En Cochrane Central Editorial Service, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (en inglés) 2026 (2). PMC 12906965. PMID 41692034. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015610.pub2. Consultado el 24 de junio de 2026.
Meza, Nicolás; Bracchiglione, Javier; Escobar Liquitay, Camila Micaela; Madrid, Eva; Varela, Lucia B; Guo, Yang; Urrútia, Gerard; Er, Selcuk et al. (30 de octubre de 2025). «Liraglutide for adults living with obesity». En Cochrane Central Editorial Service, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (en inglés) 2025 (11). PMC 12571521. PMID 41161684. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD016017. Consultado el 24 de junio de 2026.

Obesidad (Spanish Wikipedia)

ajcn.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 7,305th place)

ama-assn.org (Global: 4,430th place; Spanish: 3,840th place)

policysearch.ama-assn.org

analesdepediatria.org (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

annals.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 9,151st place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; Spanish: 4th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; Spanish: 19th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

bmj.com (Global: 1,341st place; Spanish: 1,441st place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251st place; Spanish: 436th place)

cochrane.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 6,175th place)

es.cochrane.org

dh.gov.uk (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; Spanish: 2nd place)

dx.doi.org

elconfidencial.com (Global: 1,069th place; Spanish: 86th place)

forbes.com (Global: 71st place; Spanish: 114th place)

guardian.co.uk (Global: 382nd place; Spanish: 136th place)

healthaffairs.org (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

content.healthaffairs.org

hormones.gr (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

insp.mx (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

ensanut.insp.mx

issn.org (Global: 33rd place; Spanish: 3rd place)

portal.issn.org

kingsfund.org.uk (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

mendeley.com (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

msn.com (Global: 188th place; Spanish: 180th place)

msnbc.msn.com

nature.com (Global: 207th place; Spanish: 164th place)

nber.org (Global: 3,811th place; Spanish: 5,709th place)

nejm.org (Global: 2,717th place; Spanish: 2,164th place)

ngc.gov (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

nice.org.uk (Global: 4,081st place; Spanish: 4,485th place)

nice.org.uk

guidance.nice.org.uk

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; Spanish: 5th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nhlbi.nih.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; Spanish: 10th place)

obymed.es (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

parliament.uk (Global: 313th place; Spanish: 1,269th place)

publications.parliament.uk

ranm.es (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,345th place)

dtme.ranm.es

rcplondon.ac.uk (Global: 9,423rd place; Spanish: low place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609th place; Spanish: 619th place)

roa.sagepub.com

saludnl.gob.mx (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

sci-news.com (Global: low place; Spanish: 8,005th place)

scielo.cl (Global: 4,292nd place; Spanish: 397th place)

scielo.org.pe (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,997th place)

sourceoecd.org (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

titania.sourceoecd.org

surgeongeneral.gov (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

thelancet.com (Global: 2,615th place; Spanish: 2,166th place)

tuotromedico.com (Global: low place; Spanish: low place)

uca.edu.ar (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,883rd place)

repositorio.uca.edu.ar

upc.edu.pe (Global: low place; Spanish: 3,359th place)

repositorioacademico.upc.edu.pe

usc.edu (Global: 1,432nd place; Spanish: 2,146th place)

surgery.usc.edu

usda.gov (Global: 512th place; Spanish: 1,004th place)

ers.usda.gov

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; Spanish: 1st place)

who.int (Global: 213th place; Spanish: 254th place)

who.int

whqlibdoc.who.int

wiley.com (Global: 150th place; Spanish: 149th place)

doi.wiley.com

ajcn.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 7,305^th place)

ama-assn.org (Global: 4,430^th place; Spanish: 3,840^th place)

annals.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 9,151^st place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Spanish: 4^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; Spanish: 19^th place)

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; Spanish: 1,441^st place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; Spanish: 436^th place)

cochrane.org (Global: low place; Spanish: 6,175^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Spanish: 2^nd place)

elconfidencial.com (Global: 1,069^th place; Spanish: 86^th place)

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; Spanish: 114^th place)

guardian.co.uk (Global: 382^nd place; Spanish: 136^th place)

issn.org (Global: 33^rd place; Spanish: 3^rd place)

msn.com (Global: 188^th place; Spanish: 180^th place)

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; Spanish: 164^th place)

nber.org (Global: 3,811^th place; Spanish: 5,709^th place)

nejm.org (Global: 2,717^th place; Spanish: 2,164^th place)

nice.org.uk (Global: 4,081^st place; Spanish: 4,485^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; Spanish: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Spanish: 10^th place)

parliament.uk (Global: 313^th place; Spanish: 1,269^th place)

ranm.es (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,345^th place)

rcplondon.ac.uk (Global: 9,423^rd place; Spanish: low place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; Spanish: 619^th place)

sci-news.com (Global: low place; Spanish: 8,005^th place)

scielo.cl (Global: 4,292^nd place; Spanish: 397^th place)

scielo.org.pe (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,997^th place)

thelancet.com (Global: 2,615^th place; Spanish: 2,166^th place)

uca.edu.ar (Global: low place; Spanish: 1,883^rd place)

upc.edu.pe (Global: low place; Spanish: 3,359^th place)

usc.edu (Global: 1,432^nd place; Spanish: 2,146^th place)

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; Spanish: 1,004^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Spanish: 1^st place)

who.int (Global: 213^th place; Spanish: 254^th place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; Spanish: 149^th place)