Schroth, Raymond A. «19th-century lessons in lay governance»(analysis). Kansas City, MO: National Catholic Reporter Pub. Co. ISSN0027-8939. «In the early 19th century, democratic elements in church government emerged from several sources: prelates like Archbishop John Carroll, who insisted that American bishops, including himself, be elected by the priests; civil law which mandated trusteeships; national parishes, particularly German and Polish, who brought over European traditions of the laypeople establishing and directing the parish; visionaries like John England, bishop of Charleston, S.C. (1820-1842), sent from Ireland, who arrived with a diocesan constitution, modeled on the American Constitution. His parishes governed themselves through periodic conventions where elected delegates of clergy and laypeople discussed the region's problems.»
Filteau, Jerry. «Why did the bishop of Scranton, Pa., resign?». Kansas City, MO: National Catholic Reporter Pub. Co. ISSN0027-8939. «The anonymous theologian said the religious conservatism and the history of ethnic tensions of Catholics in the Scranton diocese – including the century-old Polish National Catholic churchschism from Roman Catholicism, which started with an Irish-American bishop's insensitivity to a Polish national parish in Scranton – are also major factors that have to be taken into account in any assessment of the complex negative response of local priests and laity to Martino's style of governance.»
Schroth, Raymond A. «19th-century lessons in lay governance»(analysis). Kansas City, MO: National Catholic Reporter Pub. Co. ISSN0027-8939. «In the early 19th century, democratic elements in church government emerged from several sources: prelates like Archbishop John Carroll, who insisted that American bishops, including himself, be elected by the priests; civil law which mandated trusteeships; national parishes, particularly German and Polish, who brought over European traditions of the laypeople establishing and directing the parish; visionaries like John England, bishop of Charleston, S.C. (1820-1842), sent from Ireland, who arrived with a diocesan constitution, modeled on the American Constitution. His parishes governed themselves through periodic conventions where elected delegates of clergy and laypeople discussed the region's problems.»
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Filteau, Jerry. «Why did the bishop of Scranton, Pa., resign?». Kansas City, MO: National Catholic Reporter Pub. Co. ISSN0027-8939. «The anonymous theologian said the religious conservatism and the history of ethnic tensions of Catholics in the Scranton diocese – including the century-old Polish National Catholic churchschism from Roman Catholicism, which started with an Irish-American bishop's insensitivity to a Polish national parish in Scranton – are also major factors that have to be taken into account in any assessment of the complex negative response of local priests and laity to Martino's style of governance.»
U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Department of Communications (2008). «Archdiocese of Philadelphia Backgrounder». USCCB Papal Visit Site. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archivado desde el original el 3 de diciembre de 2012. «Key Historical Dates: ... 1789: Holy Trinity Church is established to serve German-speaking Catholics. It is the first national parish in the United States. ...»
U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Department of Communications (2008). «Archdiocese of New York Backgrounder». USCCB Papal Visit Site. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archivado desde el original el 3 de diciembre de 2012. «Key Historical Dates: ... 1883: Saint Benedict the Moor Church is established as the first national parish for African-American Catholics. ...»
U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Department of Communications (2008). «Archdiocese of Philadelphia Backgrounder». USCCB Papal Visit Site. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archivado desde el original el 3 de diciembre de 2012. «Key Historical Dates: ... 1789: Holy Trinity Church is established to serve German-speaking Catholics. It is the first national parish in the United States. ...»
U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Department of Communications (2008). «Archdiocese of New York Backgrounder». USCCB Papal Visit Site. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archivado desde el original el 3 de diciembre de 2012. «Key Historical Dates: ... 1883: Saint Benedict the Moor Church is established as the first national parish for African-American Catholics. ...»
