The Mismeasure of Man. 1981. pp. https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goulrich/page/28 28-29. ISBN978-0-393-01489-1. «Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.»
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W W Norton and Co. pp. 28–29. ISBN978-0-393-01489-1. «Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.»
Daley, C. E.; Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2011). «Race and Intelligence». En Sternberg, R.; Kaufman, S. B., eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–306. ISBN9780521518062.
«The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States». The American Journal of Human Genetics. Consultado el 22 de diciembre de 2014. «The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans.»
csicop.org
Kurtz, Paul (Sep 2004). «Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?». Skeptical Inquirer. Archivado desde el original el 23 de noviembre de 2007. Consultado el 1 de diciembre de 2007. «There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.»
Kurtz, Paul (Sep 2004). «Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?». Skeptical Inquirer. Archivado desde el original el 23 de noviembre de 2007. Consultado el 1 de diciembre de 2007. «There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.»
"It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant... they graduate into each other, and.. it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them... As it is improbable that the numerous and unimportant points of resemblance between the several races of man in bodily structure and mental faculties (I do not here refer to similar customs) should all have been independently acquired, they must have been inherited from progenitors who had these same characters.", Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man p. 225 onwards,
Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). «Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics». American Journal of Physical Anthropology162 (2): 318-327. PMC5299519. PMID27874171. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. See also: American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 de marzo de 2019). «AAPA Statement on Race and Racism». American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Consultado el 19 de junio de 2020.
"[T]he answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no." ("La respuesta a la pregunta de si las razas existen en los humanos es clara e inequívoca: no."), Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26.
Rotimi, Charles N. (2004). «Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?». Nature Genetics36 (11 Suppl): 43-47. PMID15508002. doi:10.1038/ng1439. «Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity».
«Genetic variation, classification and 'race'». Nature. Consultado el 18 de noviembre de 2014. «Ancestry, then, is a more subtle and complex description of an individual's genetic makeup than is race. This is in part a consequence of the continual mixing and migration of human populations throughout history. Because of this complex and interwoven history, many loci must be examined to derive even an approximate portrayal of individual ancestry.»
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). «Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics». American Journal of Physical Anthropology162 (2): 318-327. PMC5299519. PMID27874171. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. See also: American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 de marzo de 2019). «AAPA Statement on Race and Racism». American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Consultado el 19 de junio de 2020.
Rotimi, Charles N. (2004). «Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?». Nature Genetics36 (11 Suppl): 43-47. PMID15508002. doi:10.1038/ng1439. «Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity».
nytimes.com
Carl Zimmer. «White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier». The New York Times. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2014. «On average, the scientists found, people who identified as African-American had genes that were only 73.2 percent African. European genes accounted for 24 percent of their DNA, while .8 percent came from Native Americans. Latinos, on the other hand, had genes that were on average 65.1 percent European, 18 percent Native American, and 6.2 percent African. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American. These broad estimates masked wide variation among individuals.»
Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). «Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics». American Journal of Physical Anthropology162 (2): 318-327. PMC5299519. PMID27874171. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. See also: American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 de marzo de 2019). «AAPA Statement on Race and Racism». American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Consultado el 19 de junio de 2020.
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 de marzo de 2019). «AAPA Statement on Race and Racism». American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Consultado el 19 de junio de 2020.
Michael White. «Why Your Race Isn't Genetic». Pacific Standard. Consultado el 13 de diciembre de 2014. «[O]ngoing contacts, plus the fact that we were a small, genetically homogeneous species to begin with, has resulted in relatively close genetic relationships, despite our worldwide presence. The DNA differences between humans increase with geographical distance, but boundaries between populations are, as geneticists Kenneth Weiss and Jeffrey Long put it, "multilayered, porous, ephemeral, and difficult to identify." Pure, geographically separated ancestral populations are an abstraction: "There is no reason to think that there ever were isolated, homogeneous parental populations at any time in our human past."».
Kurtz, Paul (Sep 2004). «Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?». Skeptical Inquirer. Archivado desde el original el 23 de noviembre de 2007. Consultado el 1 de diciembre de 2007. «There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.»
Kurtz, Paul (Sep 2004). «Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?». Skeptical Inquirer. Archivado desde el original el 23 de noviembre de 2007. Consultado el 1 de diciembre de 2007. «There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.»
