Relaciones Filogenéticas entre las Poblaciones Autóctona Vasca, Georgiana (Cáucaso) y Bereber (Mauritania) desde la Perspectiva de la Región Hipervariable del ADN Mitocondrial y Polimorfismos del Cromosoma Y"Finalmente, la conclusión general a la que puede llegarse es que tanto los linajes matrilineales del análisis de los segmentos hipervariables HVI y HVII del ADNmt, como los linajes patrilineales de los SNPs del cromosoma Y han demostrado que no hay indicios que demuestren que exista o haya existido una relación genética estrecha entre las poblaciones analizadas, autóctonos vascos, georgianos y bereberes. Además, de este estudio se desprende que no puede asumirse una clara diferencia entre la población autóctona vasca y sus poblaciones vecinas europeas que permitiera determinar que pertenecen a dos poblaciones fundadoras diferentes."
An mtDNA Analysis in Ancient Basque Populations: Implications for Haplogroup V as a Marker for a Major Paleolithic Expansion from Southwestern Europe. Summary: mtDNA sequence variation was studied in 121 dental samples from four Basque prehistoric sites, by high-resolution RFLP analysis. The results of this study are corroborated by (1) parallel analysis of 92 bone samples, (2) the use of controls during extraction and amplification, and (3) typing by both positive and negative restriction of the linked sites that characterize each haplogroup. The absence of haplogroup V in the prehistoric samples analyzed conflicts with the hypothesis proposed by Torroni et al., in which haplogroup V is considered as an mtDNA marker for a major Paleolithic population expansion from southwestern Europe, occurring ∼10,000-15,000 years before the present (YBP). Our samples from the Basque Country provide a valuable tool for checking the previous hypothesis, which is based on genetic data from present-day populations. In light of the available data, the most realistic scenario to explain the origin and distribution of haplogroup V suggests that the mutation defining that haplogroup (4577 NlaIII) appeared at a time when the effective population size was small enough to allow genetic drift to act—and that such drift is responsible for the heterogeneity observed in Basques, with regard to the frequency of haplogroup V (0%–20%). This is compatible with the attributed date for the origin of that mutation (10,000–15,000 YBP), because during the postglacial period (the Mesolithic, ∼11,000 YBP) there was a major demographic change in the Basque Country, which minimized the effect of genetic drift. This interpretation does not rely on migratory movements to explain the distribution of haplogroup V in present-day Indo-European populations. (The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 65,Issue 1, Pages 199 - 207. N. Izagirre, C. de la Rúa)
Oxford ancestorsArchivado el 15 de julio de 2017 en Wayback Machine. "The clan of Helena (Greek for light) is by far the largest and most successful of the seven native clans with 41% of Europeans belonging to one of its many branches. It began 20,000 years ago with the birth of Helena somewhere in the valleys of the Dordogne and the Vezere, in south-central France. The clan is widespread throughout all parts of Europe, but reaches its highest frequency among the Basque people of northern Spain and southern France."
[1] "... lo que demuestra el amor inmenso que siente Ud. por la justicia y por la raza vasca, a la que Ud. pertenece" (Colecciones Mexicanas. Españoles en México-Siglo XIX.C11, E9, D7, reg. 1864. Folio 200.)
José Aranda Aznar, La mezcla del pueblo vasco, en Empiria: Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales, ISSN 1139-5737, Nº 1, 1998, pp. 121-180. Consultado: 10-3-2011.
Oxford ancestorsArchivado el 15 de julio de 2017 en Wayback Machine. "The clan of Helena (Greek for light) is by far the largest and most successful of the seven native clans with 41% of Europeans belonging to one of its many branches. It began 20,000 years ago with the birth of Helena somewhere in the valleys of the Dordogne and the Vezere, in south-central France. The clan is widespread throughout all parts of Europe, but reaches its highest frequency among the Basque people of northern Spain and southern France."
[3], "Three respected geneticists, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Alberto Piazza and Neil Risch, criticised Arnaiz-Villena's methodology. They stated that "Using results from the analysis of a single marker, particularly one likely to have undergone selection, for the purpose of reconstructing genealogies is unreliable and unacceptable practice in population genetics. The limitations are made evident by the authors’ extraordinary observations that Greeks are very similar to Ethiopians and east Africans but very distant from other south Europeans; and that the Japanese are nearly identical to west and south Africans. It is surprising that the authors were not puzzled by these anomalous results, which contradict history, geography, anthropology and all prior population-genetic studies of these groups." Arnaiz-Villena et al. countered this criticism in a response, stating "single-locus studies, whether using HLA or other markers, are common in this field and are regularly published in the specialist literature"
