On supplicium fustuarium, public beating to death for same-sex behavior among free-born men in the Roman military since long before Lex scantinia, see Polybius, The Histories, book VI: The Roman Constitution, chapter VI: The Roman Military System, section 37 (including comment by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875)