Wang, Helen H.; Lee, Dong Ki; Liu, Min; Portincasa, Piero; Wang, David Q.-H. (2020). «Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome». Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition(en inglés)23 (3): 189. ISSN2234-8646. PMC7231748. PMID32483543. doi:10.5223/pghn.2020.23.3.189. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «The metabolic syndrome, by definition, is not a disease but is a clustering of individual metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These risk factors could dramatically increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The reported prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varies, greatly depending on the definition used, gender, age, socioeconomic status, and the ethnic background of study cohorts. Clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the metabolic syndrome starts with central obesity. Because the prevalence of obesity has doubly increased worldwide over the past 30 years, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has markedly boosted in parallel. Therefore, obesity has been recognized as the leading cause for the metabolic syndrome since it is strongly associated with all metabolic risk factors. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is not unique to the USA and Europe and it is also increasing in most Asian countries. Insulin resistance has elucidated most, if not all, of the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome because it contributes to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, a major contributor to the development of insulin resistance is an overabundance of circulating fatty acids. Plasma fatty acids are derived mainly from the triglycerides stored in adipose tissues, which are released through the action of the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase.»
Castro-Barquero, Sara; Ruiz-León, Ana María; Sierra-Pérez, Maria; Estruch, Ramon; Casas, Rosa (2020-10). «Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review». Nutrients(en inglés)12 (10): 2983. ISSN2072-6643. doi:10.3390/nu12102983. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors, characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), hypertension, and insulin resistance.»
Castro-Barquero, Sara; Ruiz-León, Ana María; Sierra-Pérez, Maria; Estruch, Ramon; Casas, Rosa (2020-10). «Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review». Nutrients(en inglés)12 (10): 2983. ISSN2072-6643. doi:10.3390/nu12102983. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition characterized by a clustering of metabolic risk factors, which is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of at least three of the following components: central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, elevated blood pressure (BP), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), according to the consensual definition of the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute».
BURROWS A, Raquel et al. Síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes: asociación con sensibilidad insulínica y con magnitud y distribución de la obesidad. Rev. méd. Chile [online]. 2007, vol.135, n.2 [citado 2009-08-11], pp. 174-181 . Disponible en: [1]. ISSN0034-9887. doi10.4067/S0034-98872007000200005.
Feldeisen SE, Tucker KL (2007). «Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome». Appl Physiol Nutr Metab32 (1): 46-60. PMID17332784. doi:10.1139/h06-101.
The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. PDFArchivado el 16 de septiembre de 2012 en Wayback Machine.
issn.org
portal.issn.org
Wang, Helen H.; Lee, Dong Ki; Liu, Min; Portincasa, Piero; Wang, David Q.-H. (2020). «Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome». Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition(en inglés)23 (3): 189. ISSN2234-8646. PMC7231748. PMID32483543. doi:10.5223/pghn.2020.23.3.189. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «The metabolic syndrome, by definition, is not a disease but is a clustering of individual metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These risk factors could dramatically increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The reported prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varies, greatly depending on the definition used, gender, age, socioeconomic status, and the ethnic background of study cohorts. Clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the metabolic syndrome starts with central obesity. Because the prevalence of obesity has doubly increased worldwide over the past 30 years, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has markedly boosted in parallel. Therefore, obesity has been recognized as the leading cause for the metabolic syndrome since it is strongly associated with all metabolic risk factors. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is not unique to the USA and Europe and it is also increasing in most Asian countries. Insulin resistance has elucidated most, if not all, of the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome because it contributes to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, a major contributor to the development of insulin resistance is an overabundance of circulating fatty acids. Plasma fatty acids are derived mainly from the triglycerides stored in adipose tissues, which are released through the action of the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase.»
Castro-Barquero, Sara; Ruiz-León, Ana María; Sierra-Pérez, Maria; Estruch, Ramon; Casas, Rosa (2020-10). «Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review». Nutrients(en inglés)12 (10): 2983. ISSN2072-6643. doi:10.3390/nu12102983. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors, characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), hypertension, and insulin resistance.»
Castro-Barquero, Sara; Ruiz-León, Ana María; Sierra-Pérez, Maria; Estruch, Ramon; Casas, Rosa (2020-10). «Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review». Nutrients(en inglés)12 (10): 2983. ISSN2072-6643. doi:10.3390/nu12102983. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition characterized by a clustering of metabolic risk factors, which is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of at least three of the following components: central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, elevated blood pressure (BP), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), according to the consensual definition of the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute».
Carballo Ramos, Edel Vicente; Miguel-Soca, Pedro Enrique; Carballo Ramos, Edel Vicente; Miguel-Soca, Pedro Enrique (2018-12). «Trastornos metabólicos en la obesidad abdominal». Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas17 (6): 1005-1008. ISSN1729-519X. Consultado el 24 de noviembre de 2019.
BURROWS A, Raquel et al. Síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes: asociación con sensibilidad insulínica y con magnitud y distribución de la obesidad. Rev. méd. Chile [online]. 2007, vol.135, n.2 [citado 2009-08-11], pp. 174-181 . Disponible en: [1]. ISSN0034-9887. doi10.4067/S0034-98872007000200005.
Castro-Barquero, Sara; Ruiz-León, Ana María; Sierra-Pérez, Maria; Estruch, Ramon; Casas, Rosa (2020-10). «Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review». Nutrients(en inglés)12 (10): 2983. ISSN2072-6643. doi:10.3390/nu12102983. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors, characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), hypertension, and insulin resistance.»
Castro-Barquero, Sara; Ruiz-León, Ana María; Sierra-Pérez, Maria; Estruch, Ramon; Casas, Rosa (2020-10). «Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review». Nutrients(en inglés)12 (10): 2983. ISSN2072-6643. doi:10.3390/nu12102983. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition characterized by a clustering of metabolic risk factors, which is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of at least three of the following components: central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, elevated blood pressure (BP), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), according to the consensual definition of the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute».
Wang, Helen H.; Lee, Dong Ki; Liu, Min; Portincasa, Piero; Wang, David Q.-H. (2020). «Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome». Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition(en inglés)23 (3): 189. ISSN2234-8646. PMC7231748. PMID32483543. doi:10.5223/pghn.2020.23.3.189. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «The metabolic syndrome, by definition, is not a disease but is a clustering of individual metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These risk factors could dramatically increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The reported prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varies, greatly depending on the definition used, gender, age, socioeconomic status, and the ethnic background of study cohorts. Clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the metabolic syndrome starts with central obesity. Because the prevalence of obesity has doubly increased worldwide over the past 30 years, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has markedly boosted in parallel. Therefore, obesity has been recognized as the leading cause for the metabolic syndrome since it is strongly associated with all metabolic risk factors. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is not unique to the USA and Europe and it is also increasing in most Asian countries. Insulin resistance has elucidated most, if not all, of the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome because it contributes to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, a major contributor to the development of insulin resistance is an overabundance of circulating fatty acids. Plasma fatty acids are derived mainly from the triglycerides stored in adipose tissues, which are released through the action of the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase.»
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH (2002). «Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey». JAMA237 (3): 356-359. PMID 11790215.
Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S, Tuttle KR, Short RA, Glushakova O, Ouyang X, Feig DI, Block ER, Herrera-Acosta J, Patel JM, Johnson RJ (2006). «A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome». Am J Phys Renal Phys290 (3): F625-F631. PMID 16234313.
Reaven GM (2001). «Insulin resistance: why is it important to treat?». Diabetes Metab27 (2): 247-253. PMID 11452218.
Feldeisen SE, Tucker KL (2007). «Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome». Appl Physiol Nutr Metab32 (1): 46-60. PMID17332784. doi:10.1139/h06-101.
Wang, Helen H.; Lee, Dong Ki; Liu, Min; Portincasa, Piero; Wang, David Q.-H. (2020). «Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome». Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition(en inglés)23 (3): 189. ISSN2234-8646. PMC7231748. PMID32483543. doi:10.5223/pghn.2020.23.3.189. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2022. «The metabolic syndrome, by definition, is not a disease but is a clustering of individual metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These risk factors could dramatically increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The reported prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varies, greatly depending on the definition used, gender, age, socioeconomic status, and the ethnic background of study cohorts. Clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the metabolic syndrome starts with central obesity. Because the prevalence of obesity has doubly increased worldwide over the past 30 years, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has markedly boosted in parallel. Therefore, obesity has been recognized as the leading cause for the metabolic syndrome since it is strongly associated with all metabolic risk factors. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is not unique to the USA and Europe and it is also increasing in most Asian countries. Insulin resistance has elucidated most, if not all, of the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome because it contributes to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, a major contributor to the development of insulin resistance is an overabundance of circulating fatty acids. Plasma fatty acids are derived mainly from the triglycerides stored in adipose tissues, which are released through the action of the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase.»
BURROWS A, Raquel et al. Síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes: asociación con sensibilidad insulínica y con magnitud y distribución de la obesidad. Rev. méd. Chile [online]. 2007, vol.135, n.2 [citado 2009-08-11], pp. 174-181 . Disponible en: [1]. ISSN0034-9887. doi10.4067/S0034-98872007000200005.
Muñoz Calvo, MT (2007). «Síndrome metabólico». Pediatr IntegralXI (7): 615-622. Archivado desde el original el 28 de diciembre de 2009. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2009.
sld.cu
scielo.sld.cu
Carballo Ramos, Edel Vicente; Miguel-Soca, Pedro Enrique; Carballo Ramos, Edel Vicente; Miguel-Soca, Pedro Enrique (2018-12). «Trastornos metabólicos en la obesidad abdominal». Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas17 (6): 1005-1008. ISSN1729-519X. Consultado el 24 de noviembre de 2019.
Texas Heart Institute (Instituto del Corazón de Texas) (enero 2009). «Síndrome metabólico». Centro de Información Cardiovascular. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2009.
Muñoz Calvo, MT (2007). «Síndrome metabólico». Pediatr IntegralXI (7): 615-622. Archivado desde el original el 28 de diciembre de 2009. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2009.
The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. PDFArchivado el 16 de septiembre de 2012 en Wayback Machine.
