Okuyama, Hirohmi; Ichikawa, Yuko; Sun, Yueji; Hamazaki, Tomohito; Lands, William E.M. (2007). «ω3 fatty acids effectively prevent coronary heart disease and other late-onset diseases: the excessive linoleic acid syndrome». World Review of Nutritional Dietetics (Karger) 96 (Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease): 83-103. ISBN3-8055-8179-3. PMID17167282. doi:10.1159/000097809.
Simopoulos, Artemis P. (octubre de 2002). «The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids». Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy56 (8): 365-379. PMID12442909. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6.
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «It has been calculated that the lowest LA intake necessary to prevent signs of deficiency in humans is about 2 g/day, which is easily reachable with a typical adult diet».Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «LA can be metabolized by the enzymes elongases and desaturases to generate PUFA with a longer carbon chain and a greater number of double bonds; among these, AA is the most abundant and physiologically relevant one».Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «In humans, the conversion of LA to LC-PUFA (essentially AA) is very limited (<1%) [22]. Consequently, increasing the intake of dietary LA does not lead to a significant increase of AA tissue levels, nor contributes to the biosynthesis of prostaglandins or other AA metabolites [23,24].»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «Another critical point is the competition of fatty acids belonging to different series (n-3, n-6, n-9) as substrates for desaturases and elongases, which preferentially use n-3 fatty acids as substrate, followed by n-6 and n-9 [25]. The activity of these enzymes is influenced by several factors, which may increase (glucose, insulin, diets lacking in essential fatty acids) or reduce it (age, adrenaline, glucagon, steroids, diets rich in cholesterol and oxysterols, marine oils).»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «After hydrolysis by lipase enzymes and/or emulsification by bile salts, dietary LA (as well as all dietary fats) is absorbed by enterocytes from the lumen of the small intestine. Within enterocytes, LA is re-esterified into triglycerides (TG) or, to a lesser extent, into phospholipids or cholesteryl esters, which are then incorporated into chylomicrons and reach the bloodstream. The subsequent hydrolysis by the lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) releases fatty acids (including LA), which are used for energy purposes by muscle tissue or stored in adipose tissue.»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «Within cells, LA can be incorporated into cell membrane lipids or, alternatively, used as a substrate for metabolic reactions, according to the type of tissue and its requirements. In blood, LA is mainly present in plasma (~30%), where it is transported by LDL (35%) and HDL (30%), and - to a lesser extent - in platelets and red blood cell membranes (9.3% and 9.7%, respectively). In plasma, LA is esterified predominantly in cholesteryl esters (~50%), followed by phospholipids (40%) and TG (10%) [30]. In cell membranes, LA is incorporated in the sn-2 position in phospholipids, TG and cholesteryl esters. The time-course of dietary-induced changes in LA concentrations in erythrocytes is similar to that in plasma and platelet lipids [31].»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Grootveld, Martin; Addis, Paul B.; Le Gresley, Adam (2022). «Editorial: Dietary Lipid Oxidation and Fried Food Toxicology». Frontiers in Nutrition9: 858063. ISSN2296-861X. PMC8931324. PMID35308283. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.858063. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «a recent review has summarized intelligibly, the massive amount of evidence adversely implicating omega-6 rich vegetable oils in the development, progression and pathogenesis of human CVDs (2), citing the fact that the introduction of soybean oil in the USA coincides clearly with an increased incidence of this non-communicable chronic disease (NCD).»
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «It has been calculated that the lowest LA intake necessary to prevent signs of deficiency in humans is about 2 g/day, which is easily reachable with a typical adult diet».Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «LA can be metabolized by the enzymes elongases and desaturases to generate PUFA with a longer carbon chain and a greater number of double bonds; among these, AA is the most abundant and physiologically relevant one».Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «In humans, the conversion of LA to LC-PUFA (essentially AA) is very limited (<1%) [22]. Consequently, increasing the intake of dietary LA does not lead to a significant increase of AA tissue levels, nor contributes to the biosynthesis of prostaglandins or other AA metabolites [23,24].»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «Another critical point is the competition of fatty acids belonging to different series (n-3, n-6, n-9) as substrates for desaturases and elongases, which preferentially use n-3 fatty acids as substrate, followed by n-6 and n-9 [25]. The activity of these enzymes is influenced by several factors, which may increase (glucose, insulin, diets lacking in essential fatty acids) or reduce it (age, adrenaline, glucagon, steroids, diets rich in cholesterol and oxysterols, marine oils).»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «After hydrolysis by lipase enzymes and/or emulsification by bile salts, dietary LA (as well as all dietary fats) is absorbed by enterocytes from the lumen of the small intestine. Within enterocytes, LA is re-esterified into triglycerides (TG) or, to a lesser extent, into phospholipids or cholesteryl esters, which are then incorporated into chylomicrons and reach the bloodstream. The subsequent hydrolysis by the lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) releases fatty acids (including LA), which are used for energy purposes by muscle tissue or stored in adipose tissue.»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «Within cells, LA can be incorporated into cell membrane lipids or, alternatively, used as a substrate for metabolic reactions, according to the type of tissue and its requirements. In blood, LA is mainly present in plasma (~30%), where it is transported by LDL (35%) and HDL (30%), and - to a lesser extent - in platelets and red blood cell membranes (9.3% and 9.7%, respectively). In plasma, LA is esterified predominantly in cholesteryl esters (~50%), followed by phospholipids (40%) and TG (10%) [30]. In cell membranes, LA is incorporated in the sn-2 position in phospholipids, TG and cholesteryl esters. The time-course of dietary-induced changes in LA concentrations in erythrocytes is similar to that in plasma and platelet lipids [31].»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Grootveld, Martin; Addis, Paul B.; Le Gresley, Adam (2022). «Editorial: Dietary Lipid Oxidation and Fried Food Toxicology». Frontiers in Nutrition9: 858063. ISSN2296-861X. PMC8931324. PMID35308283. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.858063. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «a recent review has summarized intelligibly, the massive amount of evidence adversely implicating omega-6 rich vegetable oils in the development, progression and pathogenesis of human CVDs (2), citing the fact that the introduction of soybean oil in the USA coincides clearly with an increased incidence of this non-communicable chronic disease (NCD).»
Okuyama, Hirohmi; Ichikawa, Yuko; Sun, Yueji; Hamazaki, Tomohito; Lands, William E.M. (2007). «ω3 fatty acids effectively prevent coronary heart disease and other late-onset diseases: the excessive linoleic acid syndrome». World Review of Nutritional Dietetics (Karger) 96 (Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease): 83-103. ISBN3-8055-8179-3. PMID17167282. doi:10.1159/000097809.
Simopoulos, Artemis P. (octubre de 2002). «The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids». Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy56 (8): 365-379. PMID12442909. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6.
Grootveld, Martin; Addis, Paul B.; Le Gresley, Adam (2022). «Editorial: Dietary Lipid Oxidation and Fried Food Toxicology». Frontiers in Nutrition9: 858063. ISSN2296-861X. PMC8931324. PMID35308283. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.858063. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «a recent review has summarized intelligibly, the massive amount of evidence adversely implicating omega-6 rich vegetable oils in the development, progression and pathogenesis of human CVDs (2), citing the fact that the introduction of soybean oil in the USA coincides clearly with an increased incidence of this non-communicable chronic disease (NCD).»
Grootveld, Martin; Addis, Paul B.; Le Gresley, Adam (2022). «Editorial: Dietary Lipid Oxidation and Fried Food Toxicology». Frontiers in Nutrition9: 858063. ISSN2296-861X. PMC8931324. PMID35308283. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.858063. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «a recent review has summarized intelligibly, the massive amount of evidence adversely implicating omega-6 rich vegetable oils in the development, progression and pathogenesis of human CVDs (2), citing the fact that the introduction of soybean oil in the USA coincides clearly with an increased incidence of this non-communicable chronic disease (NCD).»
scielo.cl
VALENZUELA B., Alfonso y NIETO K., Susana. Ácidos grasos omega-6 y omega-3 en la nutrición perinatal: su importancia en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso y visual. Rev. chil. pediatr. [online]. mar. 2003, vol.74, no.2 [citado 27 de agosto de 2007], p.149-157. Disponible en la World Wide Web: [1]. ISSN 0370-4106.
sciencedirect.com
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «It has been calculated that the lowest LA intake necessary to prevent signs of deficiency in humans is about 2 g/day, which is easily reachable with a typical adult diet».Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «LA can be metabolized by the enzymes elongases and desaturases to generate PUFA with a longer carbon chain and a greater number of double bonds; among these, AA is the most abundant and physiologically relevant one».Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «In humans, the conversion of LA to LC-PUFA (essentially AA) is very limited (<1%) [22]. Consequently, increasing the intake of dietary LA does not lead to a significant increase of AA tissue levels, nor contributes to the biosynthesis of prostaglandins or other AA metabolites [23,24].»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «Another critical point is the competition of fatty acids belonging to different series (n-3, n-6, n-9) as substrates for desaturases and elongases, which preferentially use n-3 fatty acids as substrate, followed by n-6 and n-9 [25]. The activity of these enzymes is influenced by several factors, which may increase (glucose, insulin, diets lacking in essential fatty acids) or reduce it (age, adrenaline, glucagon, steroids, diets rich in cholesterol and oxysterols, marine oils).»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «After hydrolysis by lipase enzymes and/or emulsification by bile salts, dietary LA (as well as all dietary fats) is absorbed by enterocytes from the lumen of the small intestine. Within enterocytes, LA is re-esterified into triglycerides (TG) or, to a lesser extent, into phospholipids or cholesteryl esters, which are then incorporated into chylomicrons and reach the bloodstream. The subsequent hydrolysis by the lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) releases fatty acids (including LA), which are used for energy purposes by muscle tissue or stored in adipose tissue.»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
Marangoni, Franca; Agostoni, Carlo; Borghi, Claudio; Catapano, Alberico L.; Cena, Hellas; Ghiselli, Andrea; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lercker, Giovanni et al. (1 de enero de 2020). «Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects». Atherosclerosis(en inglés)292: 90-98. ISSN0021-9150. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2023. «Within cells, LA can be incorporated into cell membrane lipids or, alternatively, used as a substrate for metabolic reactions, according to the type of tissue and its requirements. In blood, LA is mainly present in plasma (~30%), where it is transported by LDL (35%) and HDL (30%), and - to a lesser extent - in platelets and red blood cell membranes (9.3% and 9.7%, respectively). In plasma, LA is esterified predominantly in cholesteryl esters (~50%), followed by phospholipids (40%) and TG (10%) [30]. In cell membranes, LA is incorporated in the sn-2 position in phospholipids, TG and cholesteryl esters. The time-course of dietary-induced changes in LA concentrations in erythrocytes is similar to that in plasma and platelet lipids [31].»Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
