Lennox, James G. (1993), «Darwin was a teleologist», Biology and Philosophy8 (4): 409-421, doi:10.1007/BF00857687.
"The development or behavior of an individual is purposive, natural selection is definitely not…. Darwin 'has swept out such finalistic teleology by the front door.'" Mayr, Ernst. 1961. "Cause and Effect in Biology." Science 134(3489):1501–06. doi10.1126/science.134.3489.1501. PubMed.
Lennox, James G. (1993), «Darwin was a teleologist», Biology and Philosophy8 (4): 409-421, doi:10.1007/BF00857687.
"The development or behavior of an individual is purposive, natural selection is definitely not…. Darwin 'has swept out such finalistic teleology by the front door.'" Mayr, Ernst. 1961. "Cause and Effect in Biology." Science 134(3489):1501–06. doi10.1126/science.134.3489.1501. PubMed.
"Aristotle famously distinguishes four 'causes' (or causal factors in explanation), the matter, the form, the end, and the agent." Hankinson, R. J. 1998. Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 159. ISBN978-0198237457. doi:10.1093/0199246564.001.0001.
Hankinson, R. J. (1998), Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought (e-book), [Oxford]: OUP Premium, p. 159, ISBN9780198237457, doi:10.1093/0199246564.001.0001, «Aristotle famously distinguishes four 'causes' (or causal factors in explanation), the matter, the form, the end, and the agent.».
"[F]or a full range of cases, an explanation which fails to invoke all four causes is no explanation at all."—"Four Causes". Falcon, Andrea. Aristotle on Causality. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2008.
Falcon, Andrea (2019). Zalta, Edward N., ed. Aristotle on Causality (Spring 2019 edición). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
tufts.edu
perseus.tufts.edu
Aristotle, «Book 5, section 1013a», Metaphysics, Translated by Hugh Tredennick. Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vols. 17, 18, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1933, 1989; (hosted at perseus.tufts.edu.) Aristotle also discusses the four "causes" in his Physics, Book B, chapter 3.
Hankinson, R. J. (1998), Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought (e-book), [Oxford]: OUP Premium, p. 159, ISBN9780198237457, doi:10.1093/0199246564.001.0001, «Aristotle famously distinguishes four 'causes' (or causal factors in explanation), the matter, the form, the end, and the agent.».
Lloyd, G. E. R. (1996), «Causes and correlations», Adversaries and authorities: Investigations into ancient Greek and Chinese science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100, 106-107, ISBN0-521-55695-3.
Lloyd, G. E. R. (1996), «Causes and correlations», Adversaries and authorities: Investigations into ancient Greek and Chinese science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96-98, ISBN0-521-55695-3.
Lennox, James G. (1993), «Darwin was a teleologist», Biology and Philosophy8 (4): 409-421, doi:10.1007/BF00857687.
"The development or behavior of an individual is purposive, natural selection is definitely not…. Darwin 'has swept out such finalistic teleology by the front door.'" Mayr, Ernst. 1961. "Cause and Effect in Biology." Science 134(3489):1501–06. doi10.1126/science.134.3489.1501. PubMed.
Lennox, James G. (1993), «Darwin was a teleologist», Biology and Philosophy8 (4): 409-421, doi:10.1007/BF00857687.
Ayala, Francisco. 1998. "Teleological explanations in evolutionary biology." Nature's Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology. MIT Press.
en.wikipedia.org
"Aristotle famously distinguishes four 'causes' (or causal factors in explanation), the matter, the form, the end, and the agent." Hankinson, R. J. 1998. Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 159. ISBN978-0198237457. doi:10.1093/0199246564.001.0001.