Espainia-Estatu Batuak Gerra (Basque Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Espainia-Estatu Batuak Gerra" in Basque language version.

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american.edu

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CAMPBELL, W. Joseph (August 2000):http://fs2.american.edu/wjc/www/wjc3/notlikely.htm"". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. 2011ko uztailaren 17an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik. 2020.03.24n kontsultaturik.

archive.org

Keenan, Jerry (2001). Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American & Philippine–American Wars. ABC-CLIO. 372 or. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-093-2}}. 2016ko ekainaren 4an, jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik, 2020.03.24n kontsultaturik
SCHUBERT, Frank N. (1997): Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. 135–139 orr. {{ISBN|9780842025867}}. 2020.03.30ean kontsultaturik.
FOREMAN, John (F.R.G.S.) (1906): The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government. C. Scribner's sons. (testu osoa hemen dago eskuragarri)

authorama.com

PARKER, John H. (2003): The Gatlings at Santiago, Indypublish.com, {{ISBN|978-1-4043-8137-7}}, 2020.04.29an kontsultaturik.

bartleby.com

ROOSEVELT, Theodore (1899), I. RAISING THE REGIMENT, The Rough Riders, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

books.google.com

NORTON, Mary Beth; et al. (2014): A People and a Nation, II. liburukia: 1865tik. Cengage Learning. 582 or., {{ISBN|9781285974682}}. 2016.05.27an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2020.03.29an kontsultaturik.
Atzerritiko informazioa: Gerra-oharrak, 1–8 gaiak, 2018ko urtarrilaren 26an artxibatua, Wayback Machinen (1899), Itsas Inteligentziako Bulegoan, 60-64 orr.
HARRIS, Susan K.: (2011.01.01): God's Arbiters: Americans and the Philippines, 1898–1902. Oxford University Press, US, 133 orr. {{ISBN|978-0-19-978107-2}}. 2016.05.12an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik. BEEDE, Benjamin R.; WILLIAMS, Vernon L.; DRECHLER, Wolfgang (1994): The War of 1898, and US Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. 201–202 orr. {{ISBN|978-0-8240-5624-7}}. 2016.04.28an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta. , 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik. TRASK, David F. (1981): The War with Spain in 1898. U of Nebraska Press. p. 284. {{ISBN|978-0-8032-9429-5}}. 2016.04.26an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2016, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.

cervantesvirtual.com

CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO, Antonio (1882KO azaroa): Discurso sobre la nación (gazteleraz). cervantesvirtual.com. Baycroft & Hewitson 2006, 225–226 or,

cnet.com

McCULLAGH, Declan (July 1, 2005): Senators want to nix 1898 telecom tax. CNET Networks. 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.
REARDON, Marguerite (August 2, 2006): Telecom tax imposed in 1898 finally ends. CNET Networks. 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.

coqui.net

home.coqui.net

Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II – Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera, 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico, Jatorrizkotik artxibatuta 2008ko urtarrilaren 30ean, eta 2008ko otsailaren 6an berreskuratuta (Carreras & Tafunell 2004ko laburpen bat)

dlsu.edu.ph

pinas.dlsu.edu.ph

Philippine History. DLSU-Manila. 2006.08.21ean jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta. 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik

escholarship.org

RUSSELL, Timothy Dale (2013): African Americans and the Spanish–American War and Philliipine Insurrection. Military Participation, Recognition and Memory 1898–1904 (First. Published dissertation ed.). California, USA: University of California, Riverside. 8 or., 2020.03.22an kontsultatutakoa.

fold3.com

Our flag is now waving over Manila, San Francisco Chronicle, 2008.12.20an artxibaturik, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.

google.com.ph

books.google.com.ph

CLOFELTER (2017): Op. cit. 254–255 or.2020.03.28an kontsultaturik
Poddar, Prem (2008). Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires. Edinburgh University Press. 601 or., {{ISBN|978-0-7486-3027-1}}. 2020.03.20an kontsultaturik.
DUKA, Cecilio D. (2008): Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc., 72 orr. {{ISBN|978-971-23-5045-0}}. 2017.02.26an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik. 2020.03.31n kontsultaturik.
SIMPSON, Andrew (2007): Language and National Identity in Asia. OUP Oxford. 363 orr. {{ISBN|978-0-19-153308-2}}. 2014.06.26an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik, 2020.03.31n kontsultaturik

google.es

books.google.es

TRASK, David F. (1996): The war with Spain in 1898, U of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-9429-5.2020.03.28an kontsultaturik
Poddar, Prem (2008). Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires. Edinburgh University Press. 601 or., {{ISBN|978-0-7486-3027-1}}. 2020.03.20an kontsultaturik.
CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO, Antonio (1882KO azaroa): Discurso sobre la nación (gazteleraz). cervantesvirtual.com. Baycroft & Hewitson 2006, 225–226 or,
SCHMIDT-NOWARA, Christopher (2008ko urtarrilaren 1.a): The Conquest of History: Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century. Pitt Latin American series. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press (published 2008). 34–42 or. {{ISBN|9780822971092}}.
TRASK (1996), 2–3 or.
TRASK, David F. (1996), The war with Spain in 1898, U of Nebraska Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-9429-5}}.
PEREZ, Louis A. Jr. (2000):. The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. 24or. {{ISBN|9780807866979}}. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. 2020.03.22an kontsultatutakoa.
Keenan, Jerry (2001). Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American & Philippine–American Wars. ABC-CLIO. 372 or. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-093-2}}. 2016ko ekainaren 4an, jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik, 2020.03.24n kontsultaturik
TUCKER, Spencer (2009): The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1CKER|TUCKER]], 614 orr.
SMYTHE, Ted Curtis (2003): The Gilded Age press, 1865–1900, Praeger, {{ISBN|978-0-313-30080-6}}. 2020.03.28an kontsultaturik.
DYAL, Donald H; CARPENTER, Brian B.; THOMAS, Mark A. (1996): Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War, Greenwood Press, {{ISBN|978-0-313-28852-4}}.
TONE, John Lawrence: War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898 2020.03.28an kontsultaturik.
NORTON, Mary Beth; et al. (2014): A People and a Nation, II. liburukia: 1865tik. Cengage Learning. 582 or., {{ISBN|9781285974682}}. 2016.05.27an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2020.03.29an kontsultaturik.
Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents: Ser. A.-F.]. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1898. 691 orr.
Atzerritiko informazioa: Gerra-oharrak, 1–8 gaiak, 2018ko urtarrilaren 26an artxibatua, Wayback Machinen (1899), Itsas Inteligentziako Bulegoan, 60-64 orr.
PENNY, Ralph John (2002): A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press. p. "official+language" 30. {{ISBN|978-0-521-01184-6}}. 2018.01.18an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik, 2020.03.31n kontsultaturik.
DUKA, Cecilio D. (2008): Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc., 72 orr. {{ISBN|978-971-23-5045-0}}. 2017.02.26an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik. 2020.03.31n kontsultaturik.
SIMPSON, Andrew (2007): Language and National Identity in Asia. OUP Oxford. 363 orr. {{ISBN|978-0-19-153308-2}}. 2014.06.26an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik, 2020.03.31n kontsultaturik
SARAVIA ROCA de TOGORES, José y GARCIA, Remigio (2003), Blockade and Siege of Manila in 1898, National Historical Institute, ISBN 978-971-538-167-3 (2003), 5–7 orr.
SARAVIA ROCA DE TOGORES, José y GARCIA, Remigio (2003), Blockade and Siege of Manila in 1898, National Historical Institute, ISBN 978-971-538-167-3, 2020.04.20an kontsultaturik.
WIONZEK, Karl-Heinz (2000): Alemania, Filipinak eta Hispanoamerikako Gerra: Alemaniako Armada Inperialeko ofizialen lau kontakizun, Institutu Historiko Nazionala. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik
HARRIS, Susan K.: (2011.01.01): God's Arbiters: Americans and the Philippines, 1898–1902. Oxford University Press, US, 133 orr. {{ISBN|978-0-19-978107-2}}. 2016.05.12an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik. BEEDE, Benjamin R.; WILLIAMS, Vernon L.; DRECHLER, Wolfgang (1994): The War of 1898, and US Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. 201–202 orr. {{ISBN|978-0-8240-5624-7}}. 2016.04.28an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta. , 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik. TRASK, David F. (1981): The War with Spain in 1898. U of Nebraska Press. p. 284. {{ISBN|978-0-8032-9429-5}}. 2016.04.26an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2016, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.
WIONZEK, Karl-Heinz (2000): Germany, the Philippines, and the Spanish–American War: four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy, National Historical Institute, p. xvi, citing Hubatsch, Walther, Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik, Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau (1944ko abuztua), 130–153 orr., 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.
SARAVIA ROCA DE TOGORES, José eta GARCIA, Remigio (2003): Blockade and Siege of Manila in 1898, National Historical Institute, ISBN 978-971-538-167-3, 62 orr.2020.04.04an kontsultturik
LACSAMANA, Leodivico Cruz (2006): Philippine history and government, Phoenix Pub. House, {{ISBN|978-971-06-1894-1}}. 126 orr. 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.
FOREMAN (1906): Op. cit. 465 orr., 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.
BRUNE, Lester H.; BURNS, Richard Dean (2003), Chronological History of US Foreign Relations: 1607–1932, Chronological History of US Foreign Relationsen 1. liburukia, Richard Dean Burns (2 argitalpena), Routledge, ISBN 9780415939140., 290 orr. 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.
BEEDE Benjamin R. (1994): ed. The War of 1898 and US Interventions, 1898–1934, Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|978-0-8240-5624-7}}. An encyclopedia. 208–209 orr.; ROGERS, Robert F. (1995): Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam (irudiztatutako argitalpena), University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1678-0., 110–112 orr. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik
WOLFF, Leon (1961), Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn, Wolff Productions, {{ISBN|978-1-58288-209-3}}., 175. or., Britainiar kontsula hil zenean, bitartekaritza M. Edouard Andre Belgikako kontsulak hartu zuen; eta, AEBetako tropak sartu zirenean, dena ahokatzen hasi zen. Jaupediasek agindu zuen ez zuela bere artilleria erabiliko.
COOLING, Benjamin Franklin (2007), USS Olympia: Herald of Empire, Naval Institute Press, {{ISBN|978-1-59114-126-6}}., 99. or. Filipinek egin zezaketenaren beldur, Estatu Batuetako eta Espainiako agintariek irrikaz negoziatu zuten Manila hiriko gai arantzatsuaren irteera. Edouard Andre, Dewey, Merritt eta Augustin Belgikako kontsularen laguntzarekin.
DYAL; CARPENTER eta THOMAS (1996): Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War, Greenwood Press, {{ISBN|978-0-313-28852-4}}.175. or., Rawson-Walker gaixotu eta hil ondoren, Edouard André belgikar kontsulak Dewey, Wesley Merritt* eta Jauechas jeneralen arteko truke diplomatikoak burutu zituen. Truke diplomatiko horien bidez, abuztuaren hasieran, Jauechas hasi zen... 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.
MILLIS, Walter (1979): The martial spirit, Ayer Publishing, 340 orr. ISBN 978-0-405-11866-1, 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik
MONTOYA, Arthur (2011): America's Original Sin: Absolution & Penance, Xlibris Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4628-4434-0, 78 orr., 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.
DUPUY, TREVOR, Nevitt; JOHNSON, Curt; BONGARD, David L. (1992): The Harper encyclopedia of military biograph, 794 orr.
BAILEY, Thomas Andrew (1961): The American Pageant: A History of the Republic , Heath, 657 orr.
PÉREZ, Louis A. (2008): Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos, UNC Press Books.. 2008, 11 orr., 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.

gutenberg.org

History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, 2006.02.13an artxibaturik, Wayback Machinen, John Henry Parker, Gutenberg proiektuan.
FOREMAN, John (F.R.G.S.) (1906): The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government. C. Scribner's sons. (testu osoa hemen dago eskuragarri)

harvardmagazine.com

BETHELL, John (1998ko azaroa-abendua), A Splendid Little War mundu mailako ordena berri baten hasieran, Harvard aldizkaria, jatorrizkoaren artxibotik 2008ko abenduaren 5ean artxibatua, 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.

homeofheroes.com

The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills, 2013.07.14an artxibaturik, Wayback Machinen HomeOfHeroes.com. 2020.04.29an kontsultaturik.
The Crowded Hour: The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills^{[Betiko hautsitako esteka]} 2013.07.14an artxibaturik, Wayback Machinen, HomeOfHeroes.com. 2020.04.29an kontsultaturik.

loc.gov

Ikerketa guztien laburpen baterako ikusi FISHER, Louis Destruction of the Maine (1898) (2009) 2010eko martxoaren 21ean Wayback Machinen artxibaturik. 2020.03.24an kontsultaturik.
The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War, US Library of Congress, 2011.06.29 jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2020.04.04an kontsutaturik.

catalog.loc.gov

SEEKINS, Donald M. (1991): Historical Setting—Outbreak of War, 1898, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.), Philippines: A Country Study, Washington: Library of Congress, 2009.01.9an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik Wayback Machinean 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik

msc.edu.ph

Bi herrialdeen arteko (Washington, D.C., AEB) bakea ezartzeko oinarri baten terminoak jasotzen dituen bake protokoloa. AEB, 1898ko abuztuaren 12a; jatorrizkoaz artxibatuta, 2007ko urriaren 12an; 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.

navy.mil

history.navy.mil

MCSHERRY, Patrick: The Battle of Manila Bay. spanamwar.com. 2018.02.6an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik.
Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, 2014.12.16an artxibaturik Wayback Machinean, Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik.

nytimes.com

timesmachine.nytimes.com

Angiolillo Died Bravely, August 22, 1897, The New York Times.

openlibrary.org

BRUNE, Lester H.; BURNS, Richard Dean (2003), Chronological History of US Foreign Relations: 1607–1932, Chronological History of US Foreign Relationsen 1. liburukia, Richard Dean Burns (2 argitalpena), Routledge, ISBN 9780415939140., 290 orr. 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.

spanamwar.com

Escario's Column, Archived February 16, 2006.02.16an artxibaturik Wayback Machinen, Francisco Jose Diaz Diaz.

spanishamericanwar.info

The Spanish–American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas 2011.05.1oean artxibaturik Wayback Machinen.

ucsb.edu

presidency.ucsb.edu

"William McKinley : First Annual Message". 1897ko abenduaren 6a. 2013.04.30ean artxibaturik. 2020.03.20an kontsutaturik.
Ikusi: MACKINLEY, William: First Annual Message, December 6, 1897 2013.04.30ean artxibaturik, Wayback Machine-ean.

umich.edu

quod.lib.umich.edu

GUEVARA, Sulpicio, ed. (2005): Philippine Declaration of Independence, The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (1972an argitaraturik), jatorrizko testutik 2013.06.20an artxibaturik, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.

web.archive.org

Keenan, Jerry (2001). Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American & Philippine–American Wars. ABC-CLIO. 372 or. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-093-2}}. 2016ko ekainaren 4an, jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik, 2020.03.24n kontsultaturik
ROOSEVELT, Theodore (191). Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography. 2017.02.18an jatorrizko testutik artxibaturik – via Project Gutenberg.
The Spanish–American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas 2011.05.1oean artxibaturik Wayback Machinen.
The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills, 2013.07.14an artxibaturik, Wayback Machinen HomeOfHeroes.com. 2020.04.29an kontsultaturik.
The Crowded Hour: The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills^{[Betiko hautsitako esteka]} 2013.07.14an artxibaturik, Wayback Machinen, HomeOfHeroes.com. 2020.04.29an kontsultaturik.
History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, 2006.02.13an artxibaturik, Wayback Machinen, John Henry Parker, Gutenberg proiektuan.
Escario's Column, Archived February 16, 2006.02.16an artxibaturik Wayback Machinen, Francisco Jose Diaz Diaz.
MCSHERRY, Patrick: The Battle of Manila Bay. spanamwar.com. 2018.02.6an jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik.
Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, 2014.12.16an artxibaturik Wayback Machinean, Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik.
The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey 2007.10.14n artxibaturik Wayback Machinean, The War Times Journal. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik.
V. De VIANA, Augusto (2006.09.21), What ifs in Philippine history, Manila Times, 2007.10.30ean jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik. What ifs in Philippine history, Conclusion, Manila Times, 2006.09.22, 2007.10.30ean jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.
Philippine History. DLSU-Manila. 2006.08.21ean jatorrizko testutik artxibatuta. 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik
Our flag is now waving over Manila, San Francisco Chronicle, 2008.12.20an artxibaturik, 2020.04.4an kontsultaturik.
Bi herrialdeen arteko (Washington, D.C., AEB) bakea ezartzeko oinarri baten terminoak jasotzen dituen bake protokoloa. AEB, 1898ko abuztuaren 12a; jatorrizkoaz artxibatuta, 2007ko urriaren 12an; 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.
Parisko Ituna, 1898. Jatorrizkotik artxibatuta, 2015eko maiatzaren 23an. 2020.04.05ean kontsultatua.
BETHELL, John (1998ko azaroa-abendua), A Splendid Little War mundu mailako ordena berri baten hasieran, Harvard aldizkaria, jatorrizkoaren artxibotik 2008ko abenduaren 5ean artxibatua, 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.
Mugarriak: 1899 – 1913: Estatu Batuak, Kuba eta Platt zuzenketa, 1901 ". Mugarriak. Historialariaren Bulegoa, Estatu Batuetako Estatu Departamentua. Jatorrizkotik artxibatuta, 2015eko apirilaren 23an. 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik
VFW at a Glance (PDF). VFW. September 2, 2004. 2006.11.02an Jatorrizkotik artxibatuta (PDF). 2020.04.05ean kontsultaturik.

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

Resolution 24, 33 Stat. 738
EVAN, Thomas (2010): The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898. Little, Brown and Co. 48 or.
Ikusi: MACKINLEY, William: First Annual Message, December 6, 1897 2013.04.30ean artxibaturik, Wayback Machine-ean.
ROOSEVELT, Theodore (1899), I. RAISING THE REGIMENT, The Rough Riders, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Atzerritiko informazioa: Gerra-oharrak, 1–8 gaiak, 2018ko urtarrilaren 26an artxibatua, Wayback Machinen (1899), Itsas Inteligentziako Bulegoan, 60-64 orr.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Kubarekiko merkataritza bi heren baino gehiago jaitsi zen US 100 milioi dolarretik. OFFNER, John L. (2004): McKinley and the Spanish–American War, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 34 (1): 50–61, doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00034.x, ISSN 0360-4918. 51. or.
OFFNER (2004), p. 57. Iritzi publikoaren minimizatzen zuen ikuspegi minoritario batek baieztatzen zuen McKinley beldur zela kubatarrek beren matxinada irabaziko ote zuten AEBek esku hartzeko aukera izan baino lehen. ikus PEREZ, Louis A.:The Meaning of the Maine: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish–American War, The Pacific Historical Review, 58. liburikia, 3 zbk. (1989ko abuztua), 293–322 or.

worldcat.org

DALEY, L. (2000): Canosa in the Cuba of 1898, Aguirre, B. E.; Espina, E. argitaratzaileak, Los últimos días del comienzo: Ensayos sobre la guerra, Santiago de Chile: RiL Editores, ISBN 978-956-284-115-3 2020.04.29an kontsultaturik.

wtj.com

The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey 2007.10.14n artxibaturik Wayback Machinean, The War Times Journal. 2020.04.04an kontsultaturik.

yale.edu

avalon.law.yale.edu

Parisko Ituna, 1898. Jatorrizkotik artxibatuta, 2015eko maiatzaren 23an. 2020.04.05ean kontsultatua.