امپراتوری عثمانی (Persian Wikipedia)

Finkel، Osman’s Dream، 2. Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02396-7.
Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8. historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation
- Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.
- Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010). Turkey, Islam, Nationalism and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-300-15260-9.
- • Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 186. • Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
- Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). "Osman I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p. 444.
- Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. SUNY Press. p. 59.
  - Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p. 127.
  - Finkel، Osman’s Dream، 5 , 10.
    - Lindner, Rudi Paul (2009). "Anatolia, 1300–1451". In Kate Fleet (ed.). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 1, Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 104. Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02396-7.
    - Hess, Andrew C. (January 1973). "The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4 (1): 55–76. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027276. JSTOR 162225.
    - Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-333-61386-3.
    - Thompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-8028-6348-5.
    - Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-333-61386-3.
    - Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Süleyman I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p. 545.
    - Deringil, Selim (September 2007). "The Turks and 'Europe': The Argument from History". Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (5): 709–23. doi:10.1080/00263200701422600.
    - Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8. historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation
      - Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.
      - Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8. historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation
        Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.
        Kunt, Metin; Woodhead, Christine (1995). Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. Longman. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-582-03827-1.
        Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs: A History. Penguin. p. 93.
        Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs: A History. Penguin. p. 105.
        Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs: A History. Penguin. p. 106.
        Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs: A History. Penguin. p. 106.
        Taylor, A.J.P. (1955). The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 228–54. ISBN 978-0-19-822101-2.
        Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8050-7932-6.
        Finkel، Osman’s Dream، 40. Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02396-7.
        Finkel، Osman’s Dream، 41. Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02396-7.
        Akçam, Taner (2006). A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8050-7932-6.
        Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford University Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-19-513991-4. The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government.

atwebpages.com

warfare.atwebpages.com

Lokman (1588). "Battle of Mohács (1526)". Archived from the original on 29 May 2013.

bbc.co.uk

"Why there is more to Syria conflict than sectarianism". BBC News. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

bbc.com

فارسی در دربار امپراتوری عثمانی، بی‌بی‌سی فارسی

books.google.com

Edhem, Eldem (21 May 2010). "Istanbul". In Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.
(Shaw و Shaw 1977b، ص. 386, volume 2); Robinson (1965). The First Turkish Republic. p. 298.; Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople" (به انگلیسی). National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2019-03-28.)
Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c.1760–c.1870 (به انگلیسی). BRILL. p. 30. ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
Fortna, B. (2012). Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic. Springer. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...
Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography. Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68. ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...
Fetvacı, Emine (2013). Picturing History at the Ottoman Court. انتشارات دانشگاه ایندیانا. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.
Yarshater, Ehsan; Melville, Charles, eds. (359). Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature. Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.). Archivum Ottomanicum. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. As a result, we can claim that Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarlığ) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-22310-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Pamuk, Şevket (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-521-44197-8. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of اورخان یکم Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as "the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman" [...] Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the دودمان سلجوق sultan at قونیه. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the ایلخانان [...] Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.
Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-83910-5.
Howard, Douglas A. (2016). A History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-108-10747-1.
Robert Elsie (2004). Historical Dictionary of Kosova. Scarecrow Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6.
David Nicolle (1999). Nicopolis 1396: The Last Crusade. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-918-8.
Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
Mesut Uyar; Edward J. Erickson (2009). A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. ABC-CLIO. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Davies, Brian L. (2007). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe: 1500–1700. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-415-23986-8. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Orest Subtelny (2000). Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8020-8390-6. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire pp. 23 Infobase Publishing, 1 jan. 2009 شابک ‎۱−۴۳۸۱−۱۰۲۵−۱
Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2004-11-10). Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. ISBN 978-1-135-79837-6. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
Rubenstein, Richard L. (2000). Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death. ISBN 978-0-8156-2828-6. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Berend, Tibor Iván (2003). History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long 19th Century. University of California Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-520-93209-8. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
V. Necla Geyikdagi (15 March 2011). Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations 1854–1914. I.B.Tauris. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-84885-461-1. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Douglas Arthur Howard (2001). The History of Turkey. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-313-30708-9. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Richmond, Walter (29 July 2008). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Taylor & Francis US. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Retrieved 11 February 2013. the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population
Amjad M. Jaimoukha (2001). The Circassians: A Handbook. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23994-7. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille (2010). State building and conflict resolution in the Caucasus. BRILL. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-04-17901-1. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Daniel Chirot; Clark McCauley (1 July 2010). Why Not Kill Them All?: The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder (New in Paper). Princeton University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4008-3485-3. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (1986). The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-295-80360-9.
Kemal H Karpat (2004). Studies on Turkish politics and society: selected articles and essays. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13322-8. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
Justin McCarthy (1995). Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-094-9. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Carmichael, Cathie (12 November 2012). Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-134-47953-5. Retrieved 1 May 2013. During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number.
Buturovic, Amila (1 May 2010). Islam in the Balkans: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-19-980381-1. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Peter Balakian (13 October 2009). The Burning Tigris. HarperCollins. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0-06-186017-1. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
Hakan Ozoglu (24 June 2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-313-37957-4. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Bertold Spuler (2003). Persian Historiography And Geography. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Bertold Spuler (2003). Persian Historiography And Geography. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Kemal H. Karpat (2002). Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays. Brill. p. 266. ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Gunduz, Sinasi Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Inrtellectual Traditions Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–05
Benton, Lauren (3 December 2001). Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–10. ISBN 978-0-521-00926-3. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-22310-2.
Amit Bein (2011). Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition. Stanford UP. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8047-7311-9.
Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
Jean Batou (1991). Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800–1870. Librairie Droz. pp. 193–96. ISBN 978-2-600-04293-2.

bridging-the-divide.org

Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2019. The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious

britannica.com

«دانشنامه بریتانیکا». ص. Ottoman Empire, empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia ٫٫٫٫ The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman I (Arabic: ʿUthmān), the nomadic Turkmen chief who founded both the dynasty and the empire about ۱۳۰۰٫.
«دانشنامه بریتانیکا». ص. Ottoman Empire, empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia … The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman I (Arabic: ʿUthmān), the nomadic Turkmen chief who founded both the dynasty and the empire about ۱۳۰۰٫.
"Origins of the Magyars". Hungary. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
"Ottoman Empire - Military organization". Encyclopedia Britannica (به انگلیسی). p. The first Ottoman army had been composed entirely of Turkmen nomads. Retrieved 2021-02-16.

cache-media.britannica.com

"Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

global.britannica.com

"Ottoman Empire". Encyclopædia Britannica.

cankaya.edu.tr

psi424.cankaya.edu.tr

Kemal H. Karpat, "The transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789–1908." International Journal of Middle East Studies 3#3 (1972): 243–81. online

doi.org

McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20). "Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 23 (5): 269–283. doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. ISSN 1545-6870. S2CID 146299650. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614972. ISBN 9780511614972.
Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
• Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 186. • Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
Savory, R. M. (1960). "The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I (907–30/1501–24)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 23 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00149006. JSTOR 609888.
Hess, Andrew C. (January 1973). "The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4 (1): 55–76. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027276. JSTOR 162225.
Deringil, Selim (September 2007). "The Turks and 'Europe': The Argument from History". Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (5): 709–23. doi:10.1080/00263200701422600.
Watson, William J. (1968). "Ibrahim Muteferrika and Turkish Incunabula". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (3): 435–441. doi:10.2307/596868. JSTOR 596868.
Williams, Bryan Glynn (2000). "Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire". Cahiers du Monde Russe. 41 (1): 79–108. doi:10.4000/monderusse.39.
Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2019. The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious
Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi (October 1979). "Population Rise and Fall in Anatolia 1550–1620". Middle Eastern Studies. 15 (3): 322–45. doi:10.1080/00263207908700415.
Içduygu, Ahmet; Toktas, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–89. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937.
Içduygu, Ahmet; Toktas, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–89. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937.
Içduygu, Ahmet; Toktas, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–89. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937.
Ragep, F. J. (2005). "Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions". Journal for the History of Astronomy. Science History Publications Ltd. 36 (125): 359–71. Bibcode:2005JHA....36..359R. doi:10.1177/002182860503600401.
Ben-Zaken, Avner (2004). "The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart: the Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy". The British Journal for the History of Science. Cambridge University Press. 37: 1–28. doi:10.1017/S0007087403005302.
Bademci, G. (2006). "First illustrations of female Neurosurgeons in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu". Neurocirugía. 17 (2): 162–65. doi:10.4321/S1130-14732006000200012.

escholarship.org

Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2019.

faith-matters.org

Ishtiaq, Hussain. "The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). Faith Matters.

globaled.org

"Turkish Toleration". The American Forum for Global Education. Archived from the original on 20 March 2001. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ragep, F. J. (2005). "Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions". Journal for the History of Astronomy. Science History Publications Ltd. 36 (125): 359–71. Bibcode:2005JHA....36..359R. doi:10.1177/002182860503600401.
Sevim Tekeli (1997). "Taqi al-Din". Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science. Kluwer. Bibcode:2008ehst.book.....S. ISBN 978-0-7923-4066-9.

historycooperative.org

"Log In ‹ History Cooperative — WordPress". historycooperative.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011.

hit-u.ac.jp

econ.hit-u.ac.jp

Matsuki, Eizo. "The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves" (PDF). Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

iisg.nl

Kabadayı, M. Erdem (28 October 2011). "Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic" (PDF). Istanbul Bilgi University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2011.
Kabadayı, M. Erdem (28 October 2011). "Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic" (PDF). Istanbul Bilgi University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2011.

iloverussia.ir

ایلیا رپین – نامه کازاک‌ها به سلطان عثمانی بایگانی‌شده در ۳ فوریه ۲۰۱۵ توسط Wayback Machine، صدای روسیه

istanbulcityguide.com

"Beylerbeyi Palace". Istanbul City Guide. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

itu.edu.tr

"History". Istanbul Technical University. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

jstor.org

Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
Savory, R. M. (1960). "The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I (907–30/1501–24)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 23 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00149006. JSTOR 609888.
Hess, Andrew C. (January 1973). "The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4 (1): 55–76. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027276. JSTOR 162225.
Watson, William J. (1968). "Ibrahim Muteferrika and Turkish Incunabula". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (3): 435–441. doi:10.2307/596868. JSTOR 596868.
"The Ottoman Constitution, promulgated the 7th Zilbridge, 1293 (11/23 December, 1876)". The American Journal of International Law. 2 (4): 376. 1908. JSTOR 2212668.

kultur.gov.tr

"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa بایگانی‌شده در ۵ مارس ۲۰۱۶ توسط Wayback Machine. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.

leidenuniv.nl

tulp.leidenuniv.nl

"Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912–1924" (PDF). NL: Universiteit Leiden: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

loyno.edu

Krummerich, Sean (1998–99). "The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula". The Student Historical Journal. Loyola University New Orleans. 30. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

nationalgeographic.org

(Shaw و Shaw 1977b، ص. 386, volume 2); Robinson (1965). The First Turkish Republic. p. 298.; Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople" (به انگلیسی). National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2019-03-28.)

njegos.org

"Liberation, Independence And Union of Serbia And Montenegro". Serb Land of Montenegro. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

ntvtarih.com.tr

"Sultan Abdülmecid: İlklerin Padişahı" (به ترکی استانبولی) (July 2011). NTV Tarih: 49. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

nus.edu.sg

ari.nus.edu.sg

Ismail Hakki Goksoy. Ottoman-Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2018.

oxfordislamicstudies.com

"Ottoman Empire". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 6 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

pitt.edu

jwsr.pitt.edu

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2016.

ptt.gov.tr

"PTT Chronology" (به ترکی استانبولی). PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"History of the Turkish Postal Service". Ptt.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

saudiaramcoworld.com

Horton, Paul (ژوئیه–اوت 1977). "Topkapi's Turkish Timepieces". Saudi Aramco World: 10–13. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2008.

saylor.org

"Ottoman Empire" (PDF).

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20). "Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 23 (5): 269–283. doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. ISSN 1545-6870. S2CID 146299650. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

state.gov

history.state.gov

"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Hungary". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 24 August 2023.

sursockhouse.com

"Sursock House". Retrieved 29 May 2018.

turktelekom.com.tr

"History". Türk Telekom. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

twareekh.com

"Ottoman banknote with Arabic script". Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

uchicago.edu

humanities.uchicago.edu

«THE ZAPOROZHIAN LETTER TO THE TURKISH SULTAN: HISTORICAL COMMENTARY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۱۵ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۶. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۶.

uni-halle.de

menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de

Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. وورتسبورگ: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. (info page on book بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۹ توسط Wayback Machine at دانشگاه هاله-ویتنبرگ) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."

uu.nl

vitrine.library.uu.nl

"Presentation of Katip Çelebi, Kitâb-i Cihân-nümâ li-Kâtib Çelebi". Utrecht University Library. 5 مه 2009. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"Presentation of Katip Çelebi, Kitâb-i Cihân-nümâ li-Kâtib Çelebi". Utrecht University Library. 5 مه 2009. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

web.archive.org

McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20). "Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 23 (5): 269–283. doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. ISSN 1545-6870. S2CID 146299650. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa بایگانی‌شده در ۵ مارس ۲۰۱۶ توسط Wayback Machine. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
(Shaw و Shaw 1977b، ص. 386, volume 2); Robinson (1965). The First Turkish Republic. p. 298.; Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople" (به انگلیسی). National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2019-03-28.)
Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c.1760–c.1870 (به انگلیسی). BRILL. p. 30. ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
Fortna, B. (2012). Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic. Springer. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...
Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography. Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68. ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...
Fetvacı, Emine (2013). Picturing History at the Ottoman Court. انتشارات دانشگاه ایندیانا. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.
Yarshater, Ehsan; Melville, Charles, eds. (359). Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature. Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.). Archivum Ottomanicum. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. As a result, we can claim that Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarlığ) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. وورتسبورگ: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. (info page on book بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۹ توسط Wayback Machine at دانشگاه هاله-ویتنبرگ) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."
Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-22310-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Pamuk, Şevket (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-521-44197-8. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of اورخان یکم Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as "the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman" [...] Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the دودمان سلجوق sultan at قونیه. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the ایلخانان [...] Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.
Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
"Ottoman Empire". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 6 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
"Ottoman banknote with Arabic script". Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Lokman (1588). "Battle of Mohács (1526)". Archived from the original on 29 May 2013.
"Log In ‹ History Cooperative — WordPress". historycooperative.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011.
Matsuki, Eizo. "The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves" (PDF). Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"History". Istanbul Technical University. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
"Presentation of Katip Çelebi, Kitâb-i Cihân-nümâ li-Kâtib Çelebi". Utrecht University Library. 5 مه 2009. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"Presentation of Katip Çelebi, Kitâb-i Cihân-nümâ li-Kâtib Çelebi". Utrecht University Library. 5 مه 2009. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"PTT Chronology" (به ترکی استانبولی). PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"Beylerbeyi Palace". Istanbul City Guide. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"History". Türk Telekom. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"Sultan Abdülmecid: İlklerin Padişahı" (به ترکی استانبولی) (July 2011). NTV Tarih: 49. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912–1924" (PDF). NL: Universiteit Leiden: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2019. The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious
ایلیا رپین – نامه کازاک‌ها به سلطان عثمانی بایگانی‌شده در ۳ فوریه ۲۰۱۵ توسط Wayback Machine، صدای روسیه
«THE ZAPOROZHIAN LETTER TO THE TURKISH SULTAN: HISTORICAL COMMENTARY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۱۵ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۶. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۶.
Kabadayı, M. Erdem (28 October 2011). "Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic" (PDF). Istanbul Bilgi University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2011.
Kabadayı, M. Erdem (28 October 2011). "Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic" (PDF). Istanbul Bilgi University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2011.
Krummerich, Sean (1998–99). "The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula". The Student Historical Journal. Loyola University New Orleans. 30. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
"Turkish Toleration". The American Forum for Global Education. Archived from the original on 20 March 2001. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Horton, Paul (ژوئیه–اوت 1977). "Topkapi's Turkish Timepieces". Saudi Aramco World: 10–13. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2008.

webcitation.org

"Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
"History of the Turkish Postal Service". Ptt.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

wikipedia.org

fr.wikipedia.org

Jean Batou (1991). Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800–1870. Librairie Droz. pp. 193–96. ISBN 978-2-600-04293-2.

wikisource.org

fa.wikisource.org

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Turkey" . Encyclopædia Britannica (به انگلیسی). Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 448.

worldcat.org

McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20). "Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 23 (5): 269–283. doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. ISSN 1545-6870. S2CID 146299650. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2016.

youtube.com

"All imperial anthems (1808–1922) of the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922/1923)". The London Academy of Ottoman Court Music.