«BĪGDELĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica». www.iranicaonline.org. ص. The Bīgdelī of Iran٫ In addition to tribes from Anatolia, tribes from northern Syria, collectively known as Šāmlū and consisting mainly of Turkmen, played a part in the establishment of the Safavid state in ۹۰۷/۱۵۰۱٫ (The word Turkman had originally meant Oghuz non-Muslims, but from the ۸th/۱۴th century onward meant Oghuz nomads٫). دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۱-۰۲-۲۷.
«Encyclopaedia Iranica» (به انگلیسی). ص. Each clan migrated to a different part of Persia, with their leaders appointed as governor of the area once the Safavids conquered it٫ Thus the Ostājlu were located in Azerbaijan and in part in ʿErāq-e ʿAjam and Kermān; the Qarāmānlu hailed from Širvān; the Šāmlu resided in Khorasan; the Tekellu held Isfahan, Hamadan, and parts of ʿErāq-e ʿAjam; Fārs was in the hands of the Ḏu’l-Qadr, the Afšār dominated in Kuhgiluya and Khuzestan (Ḵuzestān), and Baghdad rested under the Mawṣellu, a smaller tribe and offshoot of the Āq Qoyunlu٫.
«Encyclopaedia Iranica». ص. In fact, a migration of Turkish tribal elements from Anatolia and Syria to Persia, dating from the ۱۴th century, greatly contributed to the initial strength of the Safavid cause and their viability as a political dynasty.
«Encyclopaedia Iranica». ص. In the subsequent history of Iran, Turkish and Turkman tribes played leading parts٫ The Safavid dynasty (۹۰۷/۱۵۰۱-۱۱۳۵/۱۷۲۲) won and kept power with the aid of an army consisting primarily of Qizilbāš Turkman tribes (ūymāqāt) such as the Šāmlū, Ostāǰlū, Ḏu’l-qadr, Qaǰar, Afšār, Rūmlū, and Tekelū٫ ٫٫٫Nāder-qolī arose from the Ḵorāsānī branch of the Qereḵlū tīra of the Afšār tribe and, after crushing the Ḡalǰāʾī (Ḡalzay) Afghans, founded the Afšār dynasty٫ … in the second half of the ۱۲th/۱۸th century, the government of Iran fell into the hands of the another set of Qizilbāš chiefs, those of the Ašāqabāš section of the Qajar tribe٫.
«Encyclopaedia Iranica». ص. In discussing Persia between ۱۵۰۱ and ۱۷۲۲, several peculiarities of the area and the time should be borne in mind٫ The first concerns the country’s physical environment and its effects٫ Much of Persia consists of arid, unproductive land٫ Large parts receive insufficient rainfall to support agriculture but are well suited to pastoral nomadism٫ In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, nomads, organized in tribes, comprised as much as one-third to one half of the country’s population٫ A second and related issue was that military power in Persia was usually tribal in origin, with political power following suit٫ Until the ۲۰th century, all of Persia’s ruling dynasties had their origins in tribal ambitions٫٫٫ Thirdly, military and political power in Persia was generally in the hands of ethnic Turks.
khorasannews.com
khorasanrazavi.khorasannews.com
«روزنامه خراسان». khorasanrazavi.khorasannews.com. دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۱-۰۵-۲۷.
loghatnaameh.org
«نسخه آرشیو شده». بایگانیشده از اصلی در ۱۲ دسامبر ۲۰۱۳. دریافتشده در ۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۳.
