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این مراجع را ببینید: (Boyer 1991), Europe in the Middle Ages, p. 258: "In the arithmetical theorems in Euclid's Elements VII–IX, numbers had been represented by line segments to which letters had been attached, and the geometric proofs in al-Khwarizmi's Algebra made use of lettered diagrams; but all coefficients in the equations used in the Algebra are specific numbers, whether represented by numerals or written out in words. The idea of generality is implied in al-Khwarizmi's exposition, but he had no scheme for expressing algebraically the general propositions that are so readily available in geometry." Boyer, Carl B. (1991). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-471-54397-8.
