خداناباوری (Persian Wikipedia)

"Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09. The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.
"Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09. But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.

abs.gov.au

"Religion In Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-27.

adherents.com

"Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data". Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.

alligator.org

"First atheist monument on government property unveiled". Alligator News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

americanchronicle.com

Gleeson, David (10 August 2006). "Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

archive.org

Wootton, David (1992). "1. New Histories of Atheism". In Hunter, Michael; Wootton, David (eds.). Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822736-6.
(Stenger 2007، صص. 17–18), citing Parsons, Keith M. (1989). God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-551-5. Stenger, Victor J. (2007). God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-652-5.
(Barker 2008، ص. 96): "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN 978-1-56975-677-5. OL 24313839M.
(Flew 1976، صص. 14ff): "In this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the latter." Flew, Antony (1976). The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality. New York: Barnes and Noble.
Kenny, Anthony (2006). "Why I Am Not an Atheist". What I believe. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8971-5. The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.
Kenny, Anthony (2006). "Why I Am Not an Atheist". What I believe. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-8971-0. The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.
Cudworth, Ralph (1678). The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated.
Sartre 2004, p. 127. Sartre, Jean-Paul (2004) [۱۹۴۶]. "An existentialist ethics". In Gensler, Harry J.; Spurgin, Earl W.; Swindal, James C. (eds.). Ethics: Contemporary Readings. London: Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 0-415-25680-1.
(Harris 2005), (Harris 2006), (Dawkins 2006), (Hitchens 2007), (Russell 1957) Harris, Sam (2005). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W. W. Norton & Company. Harris, Sam (19 September 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05548-9. Hitchens, Christopher (2007). god Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Random House. Russell, Bertrand (1957). Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects. Simon and Schuster.
See for example: Kahoe, R.D. (1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2): 179–182. doi:10.2307/1385749. JSTOR 1385749. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Kenneth Kramer (January 1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
Brickhouse, Thomas C. (2004). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 0-415-15681-5. In particular, he argues that the claim he is a complete atheist contradicts the other part of the indictment, that he introduced "new divinities".
Majeska, George P.; Bociurkiw, Bohdan R.; Strong, John W. (1976). "Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Review". The Slavic and East European Journal. 20 (2): 204–206. doi:10.2307/305838. JSTOR 305838.
Midgley, Mary (2001). Science and Poetry. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-37848-6.
Rhodes, Nancy; Wood, Wendy (1992). "Self-esteem and intelligence affect influenceability". Psychological Bulletin. 111 (1): 156–171. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.156.

archive.today

Gleeson, David (10 August 2006). "Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
"Secular Woman:About". Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"Religion In Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-27.

atheismplus.com

"About Atheism+". Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

atheistiran.com

«گسترش آتئیسم در ایران». آتئیست ایران. 2019-08-02. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۳ اكتبر ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در 2020-10-24. تاریخ وارد شده در |archive-date= را بررسی کنید (کمک)
«روز جهانی آتئیست‌ها». سایت رسمی آتئیست‌های ایران. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۱. دریافت‌شده در ۲۲ مارس ۲۰۲۱.

bbc.co.uk

"Humanistic Judaism". BBC. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
"Christian Atheism". BBC. 17 May 2006. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

bbc.com

«آیا آتئیسم در ایران در حال گسترش است؟». BBC News فارسی. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۰-۱۰-۲۴.
عرفان کسرایی، آیا آتئیسم در ایران در حال گسترش است؟، بی‌بی‌سی فارسی

books.google.com

Drachmann, A.B. (1977) [1922]. Atheism in Pagan Antiquity. Chicago: Ares Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89005-201-3. Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless, they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said átheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, átheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.
Hancock, Ralph (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Lanham, Massachusetts: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8476-7842-6. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-30. Extract of page 22 بایگانی‌شده در ۲۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۵ توسط Wayback Machine
Harris 2006, p. 51. Harris, Sam (19 September 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M.
Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Drachmann, A. B. (1977). Atheism in Pagan Antiquity. Chicago: Ares Publishers. ISBN 0-89005-201-8. Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said atheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, atheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.
Martiall, John (1566). A Replie to Mr Calfhills Blasphemous Answer Made Against the Treatise of the Cross. English recusant literature, 1558–1640. Vol. 203. Louvain. p. 51. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
Burton, Robert (1621). deist. The Anatomy of Melancholy. Part III, section IV. II. i. Retrieved 2013-04-14. Cousin-germans to these men are many of our great Philosophers and Deists
Bailey, Nathan (1675). An universal etymological English dictionary. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
Holland, Aaron. "Agnosticism". The new encyclopedia of unbelief, in (Flynn 2007، ص. 34): "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." Flynn, Tom, ed. (25 October 2007). "The new encyclopedia of unbelief". The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3. OL 8851140M.
(Martin 1990، صص. 467–468): "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-943-0. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Flint 1903، صص. 49–51): "The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon one." Flint, Robert (1903). Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88. William Blackwood and Sons. OL 7193167M.
(Barker 2008، ص. 96): "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN 978-1-56975-677-5. OL 24313839M.
Besant, Annie. "Why Should Atheists Be Persecuted?". The Atheistic Platform. in (Bradlaugh 1884، صص. 185–186): "The Atheist waits for proof of God. Till that proof comes he remains, as his name implies, without God. His mind is open to every new truth, after it has passed the warder Reason at the gate." Bradlaugh, Charles (1884). The Atheistic Platform. London: Freethought Publishing.
Holyoake, George Jacob (1842). "Mr. Mackintosh's New God". The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated. 1 (23): 186. On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.
Human Rights, Virtue, and the Common Good. Rowman & Littlefield. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8476-8279-9. Retrieved 2013-04-13. That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law.
The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. Wiley-Blackwell. 11 May 2009. ISBN 978-1-4051-7657-6. Retrieved 2013-04-13. Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts."
Victorian Subjects. Duke University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-8223-1110-2. Retrieved 2011-04-09. Like other mid-nineteenth-century writers, George Eliot was not fully aware of the implications of her humanism, and, as Nietzsche saw, attempted the difficult task of upholding the Christian morality of altruism without faith in the Christian God.
(Harris 2005), (Harris 2006), (Dawkins 2006), (Hitchens 2007), (Russell 1957) Harris, Sam (2005). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W. W. Norton & Company. Harris, Sam (19 September 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05548-9. Hitchens, Christopher (2007). god Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Random House. Russell, Bertrand (1957). Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects. Simon and Schuster.
John S. Feinberg, Paul D. Feinberg (4 November 2010). Ethics for a Brave New World. Stand To Reason. ISBN 978-1-58134-712-8. Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spend well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.
David Christian (1 September 2011). Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-520-95067-2. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
Pandian (1996). India, that is, sidd. Allied Publishers. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-7023-561-3. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-208-0412-8. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Friedrich Solmsen (1942). Plato's Theology. Cornell University Press. p 25.
Maycock, A. L. and Ronald Knox (2003). Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism: An Introductory Study^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}. ISBN 0-7661-7290-2.
Ray, Matthew Alun (2003). Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-3456-0. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
Overall, Christine (2006). "Feminism and Atheism". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Retrieved 2013-04-15. in (Martin 2006، صص. 233–246) Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Gerhard Simon (19 October 2009). Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02612-4. On the other hand the Communist Party has never made any secret of the fact, either before or after 1917, that it regards 'militant atheism' as an integral part of its ideology and will regard 'religion as by no means a private matter'. It therefore uses 'the means of ideological influence to educate people in the spirit of scientific materialism and to overcome religious prejudices..' Thus it is the goal of the C.P.S.U. and thereby also of the Soviet state, for which it is after all the 'guiding cell', gradually to liquidate the religious communities.
Dimitry Pospielovsky (19 October 2009). The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-179-9. It might be expected that as a Christian leader, he would at least declare that a Christian could not vote for a party that preached and practiced genocide, whether racial or class-based , nor for a party whose ideology included a militant atheism aiming at liquidation of religion.
Simon Richmond (19 October 2009). Russia & Belarus. BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-1-74104-291-7. Soviet 'militant atheism' led to the closure and destruction of nearly all the mosques and madrasahs (Muslim religious schools) in Russia, although some remained in the Central Asian states. Under Stalin there were mass deportations and liquidation of the Muslim elite.
Tʻinatʻin Bočorišvili, William Sweet, Daniel R. Ahern (30 June 2005). Politics, ethics and challenges to democracy in 'new independent states'. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-56518-224-0. Retrieved 2013-04-15. During the past 150 years in Azerbaijan, Islam has experienced an ascendancy over the official Orthodoxy of the Russian Empire and, then, the state atheism of the Soviet Union.{{cite book}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
Russian postmodernism: new perspectives on post-Soviet culture. Berghahn Books. 1999. ISBN 978-1-57181-028-1. Retrieved 2013-04-15. The seven decades of Soviet atheism, whether one calls it "mass atheism," "scientific atheism," "state atheism," was unquestionably a new phenomenon in world history.
William B. Simons, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden (2001). The Constitutions of the Communist World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-8147-2214-5. Retrieved 2013-04-15. Article 37. The State recognizes no religion and supports and carries out atheist propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialist world outlook in people.
Robert Elsie (2001). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk culture. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2214-5. Retrieved 2013-04-15. Article 37 of the Albanian constitution of 1976 stipulated, "The State recognizes no religion and supports and carries out atheist propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialist world outlook in people."
Richard Felix Staar (1982). Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe. Hoover Institution. ISBN 978-0-8179-7692-7. Retrieved 2013-04-15. By 1976 all places of worship had been closed. However, the regime has had to admit that religion still maintains a following among Albanians. In order to suppress religious life, the following article has been included in the 1976 constitution: "The state recognizes no religion and supports and carries out atheistic propaganda to implant the scientific materialistic world outlook in people" (Article 37). In its antireligious moves, the regime has gone so far as to order persons to change their names if they are of a religious origin.
China in the 21st century. Oxford University Press. 16 April 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-539447-4. Retrieved 2013-04-15. China is still officially an atheist country, but many religions are growing rapidly, including evangelical Christianity (estimates of how many Chinese have converted to some form of Protestantism range widely, but at least tens of millions have done so) and various hybrid sects that combine elements of traditional creeds and belief systems (Buddhism mixed with local folk cults, for example).
The State of Religion Atlas. Simon & Schuster. 1993. Retrieved 2013-04-15. Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba.
World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3. Retrieved 2013-04-15. North Korea is officially an atheist state in which almost the entire population is nonreligious.
Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Rowman & Littlefield. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7425-4732-2. Retrieved 2013-04-15. Cuba is the only country in the Americas that has attempted to impose state atheism, and since the 1960s onward its jails have been filled with pastors and other believers.
Madsen, Richard (2014). "Religion Under Communism". In Smith, S.A. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford University Press. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-19-960205-6. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Blackford, R.; Schüklenk, U. (2013). "Myth 27 Many Atrocities Have Been Committed in the Name of Atheism". 50 great myths about atheism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-470-67404-8. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Jurinski, James (2004). Religion on Trial. Walnut Creek, California: AltraMira Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7591-0601-7. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Huxley, Andrew (2002). Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7007-1689-0. OL 7763963M. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Joas, Hans; Wiegandt, Klaus, eds. (2010). Secularization and the World Religions. Liverpool University Press. p. 122 (footnote 1). ISBN 978-1-84631-187-1. OL 25285702M. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-04-18.

britannica.com

Nielsen, Kai (2010). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-02-01. Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.... Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)...
(Nielsen 2011): "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." Nielsen, Kai (2011). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
"Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (15th ed.). 2011. p. 666. 0852294735. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
"religion, study of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
"Religion: Year in Review 2010: Worldwide Adherents of All Religions". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

buddhistinformation.com

V.A. Gunasekara, "The Buddhist Attitude to God". Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2013. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."

catholiceducation.org

Dinesh D'Souza. "Answering Atheist's Arguments". Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

ccel.org

The word αθεοι—in any of its forms—appears nowhere else in the هفتادگانی or the عهد جدید. Robertson, A.T. (1960) [1932]. "Ephesians: Chapter 2". Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press. Retrieved 2013-04-14. Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32.

christiantoday.com

"'Nones' are now the biggest religious group in the US – with families torn on priorities". www.christiantoday.com (به انگلیسی). Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-06.

cnn.com

Hooper, Simon. "The rise of the New Atheists". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.

colorado.edu

Stenger 2009. Stenger, Victor J. (22 September 2009). The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason. Prometheus. ISBN 1-59102-751-9. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-23.

deseretnews.com

"DN American Family Survey 2017". DeseretNews.com (به انگلیسی). Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-06.

ditext.com

Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. Retrieved 2010-02-01. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help) – entry by Vergilius Ferm

docs.google.com

Schafersman, Steven D. (February 1997). "Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry". Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Revised May 2007

doi.org

Maritain, Jacques (1949). "On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism". The Review of Politics. 11 (3): 267–280. doi:10.1017/S0034670500044168. ISSN 0034-6705.
Zuckerman, Phil (2009). "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions" (PDF). Sociology Compass. 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Lyas, Colin (1970). "On the Coherence of Christian Atheism". Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. 45 (171): 1–19. doi:10.1017/S0031819100009578.
Moreira-almeida, A. (2006). "Religiousness and mental health: a review". Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006. PMID 16924349. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
See for example: Kahoe, R.D. (1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2): 179–182. doi:10.2307/1385749. JSTOR 1385749. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Joshi, L.R. (1966). "A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism". Philosophy East and West. 16 (3/4): 189–206. doi:10.2307/1397540. JSTOR 1397540.
Majeska, George P.; Bociurkiw, Bohdan R.; Strong, John W. (1976). "Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Review". The Slavic and East European Journal. 20 (2): 204–206. doi:10.2307/305838. JSTOR 305838.
Zuckerman, Phil (2009). "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions" (PDF). Sociology Compass. 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Lynn, Richard; Harvey, John; Nyborg, Helmuth (2009). "Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations". Intelligence. 37: 11–15. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.004.
Rhodes, Nancy; Wood, Wendy (1992). "Self-esteem and intelligence affect influenceability". Psychological Bulletin. 111 (1): 156–171. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.156.
Zuckerman, Phil (2007), "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns", Cambridge Companion to Atheism, pp. 47–66, doi:10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004

edge.org

10 myths and 10 truths about Atheism Sam Harris
Paul, Gregory (2007). "Why the Gods Are Not Winning". Edge. 209. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-15.

ensani.ir

«واکاوی ادله خداناباوری در اندیشه آنتونی فلو». پرتال جامع علوم انسانی. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۴-۰۱-۲۰.
«خانواده و خداناباوری فرزندان». پرتال جامع علوم انسانی. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۴-۰۱-۲۰.
«گشایش معمای ایده «خداباوری شهودی» و وجود پرشمار خداناباوران: پژوهشی در علوم شناختی دین». پرتال جامع علوم انسانی. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۴-۰۱-۲۰.

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

Social values, Science and Technology (PDF). Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010. p. 207. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
"Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383, European Union: European Commission, p. 233, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012, retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be... ?", with a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and non-believer/agnostic. Space was given for Other (Spontaneous) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.

fair-use.org

Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

freethoughtblogs.com

"A Timeline of the Sexual Harassment Accusations". 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"Blaghag: Atheism+". 19 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"How I unwittingly infiltrated the boys club, why it's time for a new wave of atheism". Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

fulltextarchive.com

d'Holbach, P. H. T. (1770). The System of Nature. Vol. 2. Retrieved 2013-04-15.

google.ca

books.google.ca

Rowe, William L. (1998). "Atheism". In Edward Craig (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Retrieved 2010-02-01. As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. …an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.
Fales, Evan. Naturalism and Physicalism, in (Martin 2006، صص. 122–131). Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Martin 2006. Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Martin 2006، ص. 2): "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism entails negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist might disbelieve in God but need not." Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Martin 1990، صص. 467–468): "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-943-0. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Dawkins 2006, p. 50. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05548-9.
(Harris 2005), (Harris 2006), (Dawkins 2006), (Hitchens 2007), (Russell 1957) Harris, Sam (2005). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W. W. Norton & Company. Harris, Sam (19 September 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05548-9. Hitchens, Christopher (2007). god Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Random House. Russell, Bertrand (1957). Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects. Simon and Schuster.
Dawkins 2006, p. 291. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05548-9.
Bremmer, Jan. "Atheism in Antiquity". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, in (Martin 2006، صص. 12–13) Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Bremmer, Jan. "Atheism in Antiquity". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, in (Martin 2006، صص. 14–19) Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Overall, Christine (2006). "Feminism and Atheism". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Retrieved 2013-04-15. in (Martin 2006، صص. 233–246) Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.

guardian.co.uk

Societies without God are more benevolent, The Guardian, September 2, 2010

gutenberg.org

d'Holbach, P. H. T. (1772). Good Sense. Retrieved 2011-04-07.

huffingtonpost.com

"Why I'm Not an Atheist: The Case for Agnosticism". Huffington Post. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-26.

infidels.org

Various authors. "Logical Arguments for Atheism". The Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
Drange, Theodore M. (1996). "The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief". Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
Lowder, Jeffery Jay (1997). "Atheism and Society". Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Drange, Theodore M. (1998). "Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism". Internet Infidels, Secular Web Library. Retrieved 2007-APR-07.
Various authors. "Logical Arguments for Atheism". The Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Drange, Theodore M. (1996). "The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief". Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

informaworld.com

See for example: Kahoe, R.D. (1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2): 179–182. doi:10.2307/1385749. JSTOR 1385749. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

investigatingatheism.info

"17th Century History – Investigating Atheism". Investigatingatheism.info. Retrieved 2013-04-14.

iranintl.com

«بر اساس نتایج نظرسنجی گروه مطالعات افکارسنجی ایرانیان، حدود نیمی از جامعه ایران به بی‌دینی رسیده‌اند و فقط ۳۲ درصد خود را «مسلمان شیعه» می‌دانند». ایران اینترنشنال. ۲۰۲۰-۰۸-۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۰-۰۸-۲۷.^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}

irishtimes.com

O'Brien, Breda (7 July 2009). "Many atheists I know would be certain of a high place in heaven". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

jstor.org

See for example: Kahoe, R.D. (1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2): 179–182. doi:10.2307/1385749. JSTOR 1385749. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Joshi, L.R. (1966). "A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism". Philosophy East and West. 16 (3/4): 189–206. doi:10.2307/1397540. JSTOR 1397540.
Majeska, George P.; Bociurkiw, Bohdan R.; Strong, John W. (1976). "Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Review". The Slavic and East European Journal. 20 (2): 204–206. doi:10.2307/305838. JSTOR 305838.

latimes.com

articles.latimes.com

(Landsberg 2010) Landsberg, Mitchell (28 September 2010). "Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-08.

lds-mormon.com

See, for instance, "Atheists call for church head to retract slur". 3 September 1996. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

livescience.com

Geggel, Laura. "Why are atheists generally smarter than religious people". LiveScience. Future US Inc. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

(Smith 1979، ص. 14). Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
(Smith 1979، ص. 275). "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy." Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
(Smith 1979، صص. 21–22) Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
(Smith 1979، ص. 275). "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects—than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.

lrb.co.uk

Eagleton, Terry (19 October 2006). "Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching". London Review of Books. pp. 32–34. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.

madison.com

host.madison.com

Erickson, Doug (25 February 2010). "The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
Erickson, Doug (25 February 2007). "The Atheists' Calling". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

merriam-webster.com

"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved 2010-04-23.
"Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. Merriam Webster. Retrieved 2011-12-15. Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems.

nd.edu

Maritain, Jacques (1949). "On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism". The Review of Politics. 11 (3): 267–280. doi:10.1017/S0034670500044168. ISSN 0034-6705.

newhumanist.org.uk

Baggini, Julian (Summer 2003). "The Perils of Atheism". 118 (2). New Humanist. Retrieved 2013-04-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Extract from his book Atheism: A Very Short Introduction (2003), Oxford University Press
"The rise of Arab atheism". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-08.

newstatesman.com

Gribbin, Alice (22 December 2011). "Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 2012-02-13.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Moreira-almeida, A. (2006). "Religiousness and mental health: a review". Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006. PMID 16924349. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

norc.org

Hout, Michael; Smith, Tom (March 2015). "Fewer Americans Affiliate with Organized Religions, Belief and Practice Unchanged: Key Findings from the 2014 General Social Survey" (PDF). General Social Survey. NORC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.

npr.org

"New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places". NPR. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
"New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places". NPR. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-29.

nytimes.com

Martin, Douglas (26 August 2006). "Vashti McCollum, 93, Plaintiff In a Landmark Religion Suit – Obituary". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 2013-11-10.

oed.com

dictionary.oed.com

OED, Atheist

onelook.com

religioustolerance.org's short article on Definitions of the term "Atheism" suggests that there is no consensus on the definition of the term. Simon Blackburn summarizes the situation in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy: "Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none". Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.

openlibrary.org

Harris 2006, p. 51. Harris, Sam (19 September 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M.
Fales, Evan. Naturalism and Physicalism, in (Martin 2006، صص. 122–131). Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Martin 2006. Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Holland, Aaron. "Agnosticism". The new encyclopedia of unbelief, in (Flynn 2007، ص. 34): "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." Flynn, Tom, ed. (25 October 2007). "The new encyclopedia of unbelief". The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3. OL 8851140M.
(Martin 2006، ص. 2): "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism entails negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist might disbelieve in God but need not." Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Flint 1903، صص. 49–51): "The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon one." Flint, Robert (1903). Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88. William Blackwood and Sons. OL 7193167M.
(Barker 2008، ص. 96): "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN 978-1-56975-677-5. OL 24313839M.
(Smith 1979، ص. 14). Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Hume 1779. Hume, David (1779). Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion . London. OL 7145748M.
(Smith 1979، ص. 275). "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy." Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
(Smith 1979، صص. 21–22) Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
(Smith 1979، ص. 275). "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects—than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
(Harris 2005), (Harris 2006), (Dawkins 2006), (Hitchens 2007), (Russell 1957) Harris, Sam (2005). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W. W. Norton & Company. Harris, Sam (19 September 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05548-9. Hitchens, Christopher (2007). god Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Random House. Russell, Bertrand (1957). Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects. Simon and Schuster.
Bremmer, Jan. "Atheism in Antiquity". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, in (Martin 2006، صص. 12–13) Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Bremmer, Jan. "Atheism in Antiquity". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, in (Martin 2006، صص. 14–19) Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Overall, Christine (2006). "Feminism and Atheism". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Retrieved 2013-04-15. in (Martin 2006، صص. 233–246) Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Huxley, Andrew (2002). Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7007-1689-0. OL 7763963M. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Joas, Hans; Wiegandt, Klaus, eds. (2010). Secularization and the World Religions. Liverpool University Press. p. 122 (footnote 1). ISBN 978-1-84631-187-1. OL 25285702M. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-04-18.

pajoohe.ir

«بررسی مقاله «اسطوره بیخدایی»». پژوه. ۱۹ آذر ۱۳۹۶. کاراکتر C1 control character در |نشانی= در موقعیت 39 (کمک)

pewforum.org

"Timothy Samuel Shah Explains 'Why God is Winning' بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰۱۰-۱۰-۲۱ توسط Wayback Machine." 2006-07-18. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (به انگلیسی). 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-27.

pitzer.edu

dwardmac.pitzer.edu

Bakunin, Michael (1916). "God and the State". New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

pitzer.edu

Zuckerman, Phil (2009). "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions" (PDF). Sociology Compass. 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.

pitweb.pitzer.edu

Zuckerman, Phil (2009). "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions" (PDF). Sociology Compass. 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

positiveatheism.org

Stein, Gordon (Ed.) (1980). "The History of Freethought and Atheism بایگانی‌شده در ۳۰ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷ توسط Wayback Machine". An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. New York: Prometheus. Retrieved 2007-APR-03.

pragmatism.org

shook.pragmatism.org

Shook, John R. "Skepticism about the Supernatural" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-02.

psychologytoday.com

Nigel Barber (2010). Why Atheism Will Replace Religion بایگانی‌شده در ۱۷ اکتبر ۲۰۱۹ توسط Wayback Machine. Psychology Today. Retrieved 2013-05-22.

ptta.pl

(Zdybicka 2005، ص. 20). Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism" (PDF). In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. ۱. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Zdybicka 2005، ص. 21). Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism" (PDF). In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. ۱. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Zdybicka 2005، ص. 19). Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism" (PDF). In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. ۱. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Zdybicka 2005، ص. 4) Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism" (PDF). In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. ۱. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
(Zdybicka 2005، ص. 16) Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism" (PDF). In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. ۱. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. Retrieved 2011-04-09.

rawstory.com

"Atheists unveil monument in Florida and promise to build 50 more". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

refworld.org

«Iran: Treatment of atheists by State and non-State actors» (PDF).

religion-online.org

Altizer, Thomas J. J. (1967). The Gospel of Christian Atheism. London: Collins. pp. 102–103. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

religioustolerance.org

religioustolerance.org's short article on Definitions of the term "Atheism" suggests that there is no consensus on the definition of the term. Simon Blackburn summarizes the situation in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy: "Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none". Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.

scielo.br

Moreira-almeida, A. (2006). "Religiousness and mental health: a review". Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006. PMID 16924349. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

sdsu.edu

reason.sdsu.edu

Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore, The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" online here بایگانی‌شده در ۳۰ مارس ۲۰۱۲ توسط Wayback Machine

secularhumanism.org

Harris 2006a. Harris, Sam (2006a). "The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos". Free Inquiry. ۲۶ (۳). ISSN 0272-0701. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2011-04-09.

secularwoman.org

"Secular Woman:About". Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

Smart, J.C.C. (9 March 2004). "Atheism and Agnosticism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/

stats.govt.nz

"2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.

tabahfoundation.org

mmgsurvey.tabahfoundation.org

Muslim Millennial Attitudes on Religion and Religious Leadership, Arab World بایگانی‌شده در ۸ فوریه ۲۰۱۶ توسط Wayback Machine, Tabah Foundation, Abu Dhabi, 2016

time.com

TIME Magazine cover بایگانی‌شده در ۱۲ اوت ۲۰۱۳ توسط Wayback Machine online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
"Toward a Hidden God بایگانی‌شده در ۲۷ اوت ۲۰۱۳ توسط Wayback Machine". Time Magazine online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2007-04-17.

truthdig.com

Harris, Sam (2005). "An Atheist Manifesto". Truthdig. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13. In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.

ua.edu

web.as.ua.edu

"Definitions: Atheism". Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-23.

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

Plutarch, Moralia—Isis and Osiris 23

vermontlaw.edu

lawreview.vermontlaw.edu

Garfield, Alan E. "Finding Shared Values in a Diverse Society: Lessons From the Intelligent Design Controversy" (PDF). Vermont Law Review. 33 Book 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-07. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

washingtonpost.com

"Gallup International Religiosity Index" (PDF). Washington Post. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.

web.archive.org

"Definitions: Atheism". Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
Hancock, Ralph (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Lanham, Massachusetts: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8476-7842-6. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-30. Extract of page 22 بایگانی‌شده در ۲۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۵ توسط Wayback Machine
«گسترش آتئیسم در ایران». آتئیست ایران. 2019-08-02. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۳ اكتبر ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در 2020-10-24. تاریخ وارد شده در |archive-date= را بررسی کنید (کمک)
Various authors. "Logical Arguments for Atheism". The Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
Shook, John R. "Skepticism about the Supernatural" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
Drange, Theodore M. (1996). "The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief". Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
"Religiosity and Atheism Index" (PDF). Zurich: WIN/GIA. 27 ژوئیه 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
"New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places". NPR. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
"Wayback Machine" (PDF). 2017-11-14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
"Gallup International Religiosity Index" (PDF). Washington Post. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Social values, Science and Technology (PDF). Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010. p. 207. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
«روز جهانی آتئیست‌ها». سایت رسمی آتئیست‌های ایران. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۱. دریافت‌شده در ۲۲ مارس ۲۰۲۱.
"Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09. The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.
(Martin 1990، صص. 467–468): "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-943-0. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
"Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09. But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.
"Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (15th ed.). 2011. p. 666. 0852294735. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
"Why I'm Not an Atheist: The Case for Agnosticism". Huffington Post. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
O'Brien, Breda (7 July 2009). "Many atheists I know would be certain of a high place in heaven". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
See, for instance, "Atheists call for church head to retract slur". 3 September 1996. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Lowder, Jeffery Jay (1997). "Atheism and Society". Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
V.A. Gunasekara, "The Buddhist Attitude to God". Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2013. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."
Bakunin, Michael (1916). "God and the State". New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Zuckerman, Phil (2009). "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions" (PDF). Sociology Compass. 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
"Humanistic Judaism". BBC. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Altizer, Thomas J. J. (1967). The Gospel of Christian Atheism. London: Collins. pp. 102–103. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Harris 2006a. Harris, Sam (2006a). "The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos". Free Inquiry. ۲۶ (۳). ISSN 0272-0701. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Harris, Sam (2005). "An Atheist Manifesto". Truthdig. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-13. In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.
Dinesh D'Souza. "Answering Atheist's Arguments". Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
David Christian (1 September 2011). Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-520-95067-2. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
Stein, Gordon (Ed.) (1980). "The History of Freethought and Atheism بایگانی‌شده در ۳۰ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷ توسط Wayback Machine". An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. New York: Prometheus. Retrieved 2007-APR-03.
Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore, The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" online here بایگانی‌شده در ۳۰ مارس ۲۰۱۲ توسط Wayback Machine
"Michel Onfray on Jean Meslier". William Paterson University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
Madsen, Richard (2014). "Religion Under Communism". In Smith, S.A. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford University Press. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-19-960205-6. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Blackford, R.; Schüklenk, U. (2013). "Myth 27 Many Atrocities Have Been Committed in the Name of Atheism". 50 great myths about atheism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-470-67404-8. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Martin, Douglas (26 August 2006). "Vashti McCollum, 93, Plaintiff In a Landmark Religion Suit – Obituary". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
TIME Magazine cover بایگانی‌شده در ۱۲ اوت ۲۰۱۳ توسط Wayback Machine online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
"Toward a Hidden God بایگانی‌شده در ۲۷ اوت ۲۰۱۳ توسط Wayback Machine". Time Magazine online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
Erickson, Doug (25 February 2010). "The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
Erickson, Doug (25 February 2007). "The Atheists' Calling". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"Timothy Samuel Shah Explains 'Why God is Winning' بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰۱۰-۱۰-۲۱ توسط Wayback Machine." 2006-07-18. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
Paul, Gregory (2007). "Why the Gods Are Not Winning". Edge. 209. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
(Landsberg 2010) Landsberg, Mitchell (28 September 2010). "Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
"Women in Secularism". Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"A Timeline of the Sexual Harassment Accusations". 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"Blaghag: Atheism+". 19 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"How I unwittingly infiltrated the boys club, why it's time for a new wave of atheism". Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"About Atheism+". Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"Atheists unveil monument in Florida and promise to build 50 more". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
"First atheist monument on government property unveiled". Alligator News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
Hooper, Simon. "The rise of the New Atheists". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
Gribbin, Alice (22 December 2011). "Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
Stenger 2009. Stenger, Victor J. (22 September 2009). The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason. Prometheus. ISBN 1-59102-751-9. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Eagleton, Terry (19 October 2006). "Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching". London Review of Books. pp. 32–34. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
Garfield, Alan E. "Finding Shared Values in a Diverse Society: Lessons From the Intelligent Design Controversy" (PDF). Vermont Law Review. 33 Book 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-07. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
Zuckerman, Phil (2009). "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions" (PDF). Sociology Compass. 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Nigel Barber (2010). Why Atheism Will Replace Religion بایگانی‌شده در ۱۷ اکتبر ۲۰۱۹ توسط Wayback Machine. Psychology Today. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
"Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data". Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Huxley, Andrew (2002). Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7007-1689-0. OL 7763963M. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
"Religion: Year in Review 2010: Worldwide Adherents of All Religions". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
Joas, Hans; Wiegandt, Klaus, eds. (2010). Secularization and the World Religions. Liverpool University Press. p. 122 (footnote 1). ISBN 978-1-84631-187-1. OL 25285702M. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
"WIN-Gallup International "Religiosity and Atheism Index" reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century". 6 اوت 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
"New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places". NPR. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
"Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383, European Union: European Commission, p. 233, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012, retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be... ?", with a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and non-believer/agnostic. Space was given for Other (Spontaneous) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
"The rise of Arab atheism". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
Muslim Millennial Attitudes on Religion and Religious Leadership, Arab World بایگانی‌شده در ۸ فوریه ۲۰۱۶ توسط Wayback Machine, Tabah Foundation, Abu Dhabi, 2016
"2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
"WVS Database". World Values Survey. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Hout, Michael; Smith, Tom (March 2015). "Fewer Americans Affiliate with Organized Religions, Belief and Practice Unchanged: Key Findings from the 2014 General Social Survey" (PDF). General Social Survey. NORC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
"'Nones' are now the biggest religious group in the US – with families torn on priorities". www.christiantoday.com (به انگلیسی). Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
"DN American Family Survey 2017". DeseretNews.com (به انگلیسی). Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-06.

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

Holyoake, George Jacob (1842). "Mr. Mackintosh's New God". The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated. 1 (23): 186. On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.

wikisource.org

fa.wikisource.org

(Hume 1748، Part III): "If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion." Hume, David (1748). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding . London.
Hume 1779. Hume, David (1779). Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion . London. OL 7145748M.
"Atheism" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.

wingia.com

"Religiosity and Atheism Index" (PDF). Zurich: WIN/GIA. 27 ژوئیه 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
"Wayback Machine" (PDF). 2017-11-14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
"WIN-Gallup International "Religiosity and Atheism Index" reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century". 6 اوت 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

womeninsecularism.org

"Women in Secularism". Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

worldcat.org

Hanmer, Meredith (1577). The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius. London. p. 63. OCLC 55193813. The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.
Maritain, Jacques (1949). "On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism". The Review of Politics. 11 (3): 267–280. doi:10.1017/S0034670500044168. ISSN 0034-6705.
Harris 2006a. Harris, Sam (2006a). "The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos". Free Inquiry. ۲۶ (۳). ISSN 0272-0701. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2011-04-09.

worldvaluessurvey.org

"WVS Database". World Values Survey. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.

wpunj.edu

nova.wpunj.edu

"Michel Onfray on Jean Meslier". William Paterson University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-15.