«Encyclopaedia Iranica» (به انگلیسی). ص. The third important problem faced by Esmāʿīl after the establishment of the Safavid state was how to bridge the gap between the two major ethnic groups in that state: the qezelbāš Turkmans, the “men of the sword” of classical Islamic society whose military prowess had brought him to power, and the Persian elements, the “men of the pen,” who filled the ranks of the bureaucracy and the religious establishment in the Safavid state as they had done for centuries under previous rulers of Persia, be they Arabs, Turks, Mongols, or Turkmans٫. دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۶-۰۵.
«Encyclopaedia Iranica» (به انگلیسی). ص. The establishment of the Safavid state and the consolidation of Safavid power in Persia٫ In ۹۰۶/۱۵۰۰ Esmāʿīl mobilized at Arzenjān a force of ۷,۰۰۰ Turkman tribesmen from the qezelbāš tribes of Ostājlū, Rūmlū, Takkalū, Ḏu’l-Qadar, Afšār, Qājār, and Varsāq (MS London, British Library, Or٫ ۳۲۴۸, fol٫ ۵۳b; Ḥasan Rūmlū, ed٫ Navāʾī, II, p٫ ۶۱). دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۶-۰۵.
«Encyclopaedia Iranica». ص. Regaining Persia and securing its borders was intimately linked to Shah ʿAbbās’ main objective, that of maximizing personal control and centralizing power٫٫٫ After ۱۶۰۳, he systematically engaged in depopulating regions and resettling tribes to far-off regions with the aim of strengthening frontiers and breaking up existing loyalties٫ Thousands of Afšārs were thus relocated, while a great many Qajars as well as Kurds were moved to Khorasan and Māzandarān٫.
