Hourani, Albert (1983). "MUHAMMAD 'ABDUH". Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (به انگلیسی). p. His father was perhaps of distant Turkish origin, his mother of an Arab family claiming descent from one of the early heroes of Islam. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
researchgate.net
"(PDF) Muhammad Abduh and the Reform of Muslim Education". ResearchGate (به انگلیسی). p. Abduh was born in 1849, in the Nile Delta, and died at the age of 56, on 11 July 1905. His father was Turkish while his mother was Arab. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
