Pink 2005. Pink, Thomas (2005). Action, Will, and Law in Late Scholasticism. Moral Philosophy on the Threshold of Modernity. The New Synthese Historical Library. Vol. 57. pp. 31–50. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3001-0_3. ISBN978-1-4020-3000-0.
G.W. Leibniz stated, in Reflections on the Common Concept of Justice (circa 1702): "It is generally agreed that whatever God wills is good and just. But there remains the question whether it is good and just because God wills it or whether God wills it because it is good and just; in other words, whether justice and Goodness are arbitrary or whether they belong to the necessary and eternal truths about the nature of things."