مقیاس‌های بزرگی لرزه‌ای (Persian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "مقیاس‌های بزرگی لرزه‌ای" in Persian language version.

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(Stover و Coffman 1993، ص. ۳). Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J. L. (1993), Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) (PDF), U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527.
(Stover و Coffman 1993، ص. ۳). Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J. L. (1993), Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) (PDF), U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527.

archive.org

(Bolt 1993، ص. 1۶۴ به بعد.). Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bolt 1993، صص. ۱۷۰–۱۷۱). Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bolt 1993، ص. ۱۷۰). Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bolt 1993، ص. ۱۷۰). Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bolt 1993)را ببینید، بخش‌های ۲ و۳، برای توضیح بسیار خواندنی این امواج و تفسیر آن‌ها. توصیف عالی J. R. Kayal از امواج لرزه‌ای را می‌توان در این پیوند بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine یافت. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۳۷٬۳۹)؛ (Bolt 1993، صص. ۸۸–۹۳) این را بررسی می‌کند. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.

books.google.com

(Anderson 2003، ص. ۹۴۴). Anderson, J. G. (2003), "Chapter 57: Strong-Motion Seismology", International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology, Part B, pp. 937–966, ISBN 0-12-440658-0.
(Grünthal 2011، ص. ۲۴۰). Grünthal, G. (2011), "Earthquakes, Intensity", in Gupta, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, pp. 237–242, ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
(Grünthal 2011، ص. ۲۴۰). Grünthal, G. (2011), "Earthquakes, Intensity", in Gupta, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, pp. 237–242, ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.

britannica.com

(Bolt 2024). Bolt, Bruce A.. (2024), earthquake, Encyclopedia Britannica.

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

(Richter 1935، ص. ۷). Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32.
(Richter 1935، صص. ۵)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱۰). این تعریف متعاقباً توسط (Hutton و Boore 1987) به عنوان ۱۰ میلی‌متر حرکت توسط زمین‌لرزه‌ای در ۱۷ کیلومتری بازتعریف شد. M_L 3. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
(Gutenberg 1945a)؛ بر پایه کاری توسط (Gutenberg و Richter 1936). Gutenberg, B. (January 1945a), "Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (1): 3–12. Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1936), "On seismic waves (third paper)", Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik, 47: 73–131.
(Gutenberg 1945a). Gutenberg, B. (January 1945a), "Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (1): 3–12.
به‌صورت "یک میانگین وزنی بین M_B و M_S تعریف شده است." (Gutenberg و Richter 1956، ص. 1). Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1956), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes" (PDF), Annali di Geofisica, 9: 1–15
"در پاسادینا، یک میانگین وزنی بین m_S که به‌طور مستقیم حاصل از امواج درونی است و m_S, که مقدار مربوطه به‌دست‌آمده از M_S است، گرفته می‌شود...." (Gutenberg و Richter 1956، ص. 2). Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1956), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes" (PDF), Annali di Geofisica, 9: 1–15

scedc.caltech.edu

(Hutton، Woessner و Haukson 2010، صص. ۴۳۱, ۴۳۳). Hutton, Kate; Woessner, Jochen; Haukson, Egill (April 2010), "Earthquake Monitoring in Southern California for Seventy-Seven Years (1932—2008)" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100 (1): 423–446, doi:10.1785/0120090130

doi.org

(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷). رابطه بین بزرگی و انرژی آزادشده پیچیده‌است. برای جزئیات بیشتر §۳٫۱٫۲٫۵ و §۳٫۳٫۳ را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، § ۳٫۱٫۲٫۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Zhanling و دیگران 2021، ص. ۸). Zhanling, FU.; Jingquan, CAO.; Wuping, GAO.; Xinqiang, YAO. (2021), Study on Seismic Spectrum and Amplification Effect of Soft Soil in Tianjin New Coastal Area (PDF), E3S Web of Conferences 253, doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202125301003.
(Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۱٫۴) را ببینید، صص ۲۰–۲۱، برای توضیح کوتاه، یا NMSOP-2 (EX 3-1 2012) برای توضیح تخصصی. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Bormann, P. (2012), "Exercise 3.1: Magnitude determinations" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_EX_3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۸). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، صص. ۲–۳). Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Richter 1935، صص. ۵)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱۰). این تعریف متعاقباً توسط (Hutton و Boore 1987) به عنوان ۱۰ میلی‌متر حرکت توسط زمین‌لرزه‌ای در ۱۷ کیلومتری بازتعریف شد. M_L 3. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
(Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱)؛ (Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷)، شکل ۲. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴), ص. ۵۹. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Katsumata 1996)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۷), ص. ۷۸; (Doi 2010). Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷)؛ (Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۶٫۵). همچنین ببینید: (Abe 1981). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
NMSOP-2/IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، §۴٫۲), صص. ۱۵–۱۶. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Kanamori 1983، صص. ۱۸۹, ۱۹۶)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۵). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۳۷٬۳۹)؛ (Bolt 1993، صص. ۸۸–۹۳) این را بررسی می‌کند. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Saito 2019، ص. 7). Saito, Tatsuhiko. (2019), Tsunami Generation and Propagation, Springer Geophysics, doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56850-6.
IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، ص. ۱۸). Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Nuttli 1983، ص. ۱۰۴)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI/NMSOP-2 (IS 3-2 2013، ص. ۸). Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Nuttli 1973، ص. ۸۸۱). Nuttli, O. W. (10 February 1973), "Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America", Journal of Geophysical Research, 78 (5): 876–885, Bibcode:1973JGR....78..876N, doi:10.1029/JB078i005p00876.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). زیرنویس "g" به لایه گرانیتی اشاره دارد که از طریق آن امواج L_g منتشر می‌شوند.(Chen و Pomeroy 1980، ص. ۴). همچنین مقاله J. R. Kayal، با عنوان "امواج لرزه‌ای و مکان زمین‌لرزه" را در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine ببینید، ص ۵. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}.
(Nuttli 1973، ص. ۸۸۱). Nuttli, O. W. (10 February 1973), "Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America", Journal of Geophysical Research, 78 (5): 876–885, Bibcode:1973JGR....78..876N, doi:10.1029/JB078i005p00876.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۸۱–۸۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (DS 3-1 2012، ص. ۸). Bormann, P. (2012), "Data Sheet 3.1: Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1.
(Bormann و دیگران 2007، ص. 118). Bormann, Peter; Liu, Ruifeng; Ren, Xiao; Gutdeutsch, Rudolf (2007), Chinese National Network Magnitudes, Their Relation to neic Magnitudes, and Recommendations for New iaspei Magnitude Standards, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, doi:10.1785/0120060078.
The Iفرمول استاندارد ASPEI برای استخراج بزرگی گشتاوری از گشتاور لرزه‌ای، فرمول ۳٫۶۸ در این منبع است:
M_w  = (۲/۳) (log M₀  – ۹٫۱). (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۲۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §3.2.8.3), pp. 135–128. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، ص. ۱۹۸)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۲). Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۳) Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-6 2012، §۷). Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6.
برای بحث گسترده، (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۷٫۲) را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-6 2012، §۵). Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۳۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Rautian و دیگران 2007، ص. ۵۸۱). Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579.
(Rautian و دیگران 2007)؛ NMSOP-2 (IS 3-7 2012)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۶). Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
Bindi و دیگران 2011، ص. ۳۳۰. فرمول‌های رگرسیون اضافی برای مناطق مختلف را می‌توان در اینجا یافت: (Rautian و دیگران 2007، جدول‌های ۱و ۲). همچنین ببینید: (IS 3-7 2012، ص. ۱۷). Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۶٫۷), ص. ۱۲۴. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Abe 1979); (Abe 1989، ص. ۲۸). به‌طور دقیق‌تر، M_t  بر اساس دامنه‌های امواج سونامی میدان‌دور است تا از برخی پیچیدگی‌ها که در نزدیکی منبع رخ می‌دهند جلوگیری شود. (Abe 1979، ص. ۱۵۶۶). Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3.
(Abe 1989، ص. ۲۸). Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۸٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵), صص. ۷۱–۷۲. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Musson و Cecić 2012، ص. ۲). Musson, R. M.; Cecić, I. (2012), "Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12.
(Hutton، Woessner و Haukson 2010، صص. ۴۳۱, ۴۳۳). Hutton, Kate; Woessner, Jochen; Haukson, Egill (April 2010), "Earthquake Monitoring in Southern California for Seventy-Seven Years (1932—2008)" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100 (1): 423–446, doi:10.1785/0120090130
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-2 2013، صص. ۱–۲). Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Abe 1981، ص. 74)؛ (Engdahl و Villaseñor 2002، ص. ۶۶۷). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
(Abe 1981، ص. ۷۲). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
E.g., (Kanamori 1977). Kanamori, H. (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981.

dtic.mil

(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). زیرنویس "g" به لایه گرانیتی اشاره دارد که از طریق آن امواج L_g منتشر می‌شوند.(Chen و Pomeroy 1980، ص. ۴). همچنین مقاله J. R. Kayal، با عنوان "امواج لرزه‌ای و مکان زمین‌لرزه" را در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine ببینید، ص ۵. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}.

e3s-conferences.org

(Zhanling و دیگران 2021، ص. ۸). Zhanling, FU.; Jingquan, CAO.; Wuping, GAO.; Xinqiang, YAO. (2021), Study on Seismic Spectrum and Amplification Effect of Soft Soil in Tianjin New Coastal Area (PDF), E3S Web of Conferences 253, doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202125301003.

edu.s3.amazonaws.com

gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com

(Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Richter 1935، صص. ۵)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱۰). این تعریف متعاقباً توسط (Hutton و Boore 1987) به عنوان ۱۰ میلی‌متر حرکت توسط زمین‌لرزه‌ای در ۱۷ کیلومتری بازتعریف شد. M_L 3. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
(Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱)؛ (Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷)، شکل ۲. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Kanamori 1983، صص. ۱۸۹, ۱۹۶)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۵). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
(Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
E.g., (Kanamori 1977). Kanamori, H. (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981.

geoscienceworld.org

srl.geoscienceworld.org

(Rautian و دیگران 2007، ص. ۵۸۱). Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579.
(Rautian و دیگران 2007)؛ NMSOP-2 (IS 3-7 2012)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۶). Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
Bindi و دیگران 2011، ص. ۳۳۰. فرمول‌های رگرسیون اضافی برای مناطق مختلف را می‌توان در اینجا یافت: (Rautian و دیگران 2007، جدول‌های ۱و ۲). همچنین ببینید: (IS 3-7 2012، ص. ۱۷). Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7.

pubs.geoscienceworld.org

(Bormann و دیگران 2007، ص. 118). Bormann, Peter; Liu, Ruifeng; Ren, Xiao; Gutdeutsch, Rudolf (2007), Chinese National Network Magnitudes, Their Relation to neic Magnitudes, and Recommendations for New iaspei Magnitude Standards, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, doi:10.1785/0120060078.

gfz-potsdam.de

gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de

(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷). رابطه بین بزرگی و انرژی آزادشده پیچیده‌است. برای جزئیات بیشتر §۳٫۱٫۲٫۵ و §۳٫۳٫۳ را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، § ۳٫۱٫۲٫۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۱٫۴) را ببینید، صص ۲۰–۲۱، برای توضیح کوتاه، یا NMSOP-2 (EX 3-1 2012) برای توضیح تخصصی. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Bormann, P. (2012), "Exercise 3.1: Magnitude determinations" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_EX_3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۸). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، صص. ۲–۳). Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴), ص. ۵۹. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Katsumata 1996)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۷), ص. ۷۸; (Doi 2010). Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷)؛ (Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۶٫۵). همچنین ببینید: (Abe 1981). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
(Bormann و Saul 2009، ص. ۲۴۸۲). Bormann, P.; Saul, J. (2009), "Earthquake Magnitude" (PDF), Encyclopedia of Complexity and Applied Systems Science, vol. 3, pp. 2473–2496.
NMSOP-2/IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، §۴٫۲), صص. ۱۵–۱۶. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۳۷٬۳۹)؛ (Bolt 1993، صص. ۸۸–۹۳) این را بررسی می‌کند. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، ص. ۱۸). Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Nuttli 1983، ص. ۱۰۴)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI/NMSOP-2 (IS 3-2 2013، ص. ۸). Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). زیرنویس "g" به لایه گرانیتی اشاره دارد که از طریق آن امواج L_g منتشر می‌شوند.(Chen و Pomeroy 1980، ص. ۴). همچنین مقاله J. R. Kayal، با عنوان "امواج لرزه‌ای و مکان زمین‌لرزه" را در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine ببینید، ص ۵. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۸۱–۸۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (DS 3-1 2012، ص. ۸). Bormann, P. (2012), "Data Sheet 3.1: Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1.
The Iفرمول استاندارد ASPEI برای استخراج بزرگی گشتاوری از گشتاور لرزه‌ای، فرمول ۳٫۶۸ در این منبع است:
M_w  = (۲/۳) (log M₀  – ۹٫۱). (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۲۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §3.2.8.3), pp. 135–128. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، ص. ۱۹۸)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۲). Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۳) Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-6 2012، §۷). Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6.
برای بحث گسترده، (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۷٫۲) را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-6 2012، §۵). Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۳۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Rautian و دیگران 2007)؛ NMSOP-2 (IS 3-7 2012)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۶). Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
Bindi و دیگران 2011، ص. ۳۳۰. فرمول‌های رگرسیون اضافی برای مناطق مختلف را می‌توان در اینجا یافت: (Rautian و دیگران 2007، جدول‌های ۱و ۲). همچنین ببینید: (IS 3-7 2012، ص. ۱۷). Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۶٫۷), ص. ۱۲۴. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۸٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵), صص. ۷۱–۷۲. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Musson و Cecić 2012، ص. ۲). Musson, R. M.; Cecić, I. (2012), "Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-2 2013، صص. ۱–۲). Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

(Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Richter 1935، صص. ۵)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱۰). این تعریف متعاقباً توسط (Hutton و Boore 1987) به عنوان ۱۰ میلی‌متر حرکت توسط زمین‌لرزه‌ای در ۱۷ کیلومتری بازتعریف شد. M_L 3. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
(Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱)؛ (Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷)، شکل ۲. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷)؛ (Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۶٫۵). همچنین ببینید: (Abe 1981). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
(Kanamori 1983، صص. ۱۸۹, ۱۹۶)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۵). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
(Nuttli 1973، ص. ۸۸۱). Nuttli, O. W. (10 February 1973), "Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America", Journal of Geophysical Research, 78 (5): 876–885, Bibcode:1973JGR....78..876N, doi:10.1029/JB078i005p00876.
(Nuttli 1973، ص. ۸۸۱). Nuttli, O. W. (10 February 1973), "Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America", Journal of Geophysical Research, 78 (5): 876–885, Bibcode:1973JGR....78..876N, doi:10.1029/JB078i005p00876.
(Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Bindi و دیگران 2011، ص. ۳۳۰. فرمول‌های رگرسیون اضافی برای مناطق مختلف را می‌توان در اینجا یافت: (Rautian و دیگران 2007، جدول‌های ۱و ۲). همچنین ببینید: (IS 3-7 2012، ص. ۱۷). Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7.
(Abe 1979); (Abe 1989، ص. ۲۸). به‌طور دقیق‌تر، M_t  بر اساس دامنه‌های امواج سونامی میدان‌دور است تا از برخی پیچیدگی‌ها که در نزدیکی منبع رخ می‌دهند جلوگیری شود. (Abe 1979، ص. ۱۵۶۶). Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3.
(Abe 1989، ص. ۲۸). Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3.
(Abe 1981، ص. 74)؛ (Engdahl و Villaseñor 2002، ص. ۶۶۷). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
(Abe 1981، ص. ۷۲). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
E.g., (Kanamori 1977). Kanamori, H. (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981.

httptsunamisociety.org

(Blackford 1984، ص. ۲۹). Blackford, M. E. (1984), "Use of the Abe magnitude scale by the Tsunami Warning System." (PDF), Science of Tsunami Hazards, 2 (1): 27–30.

isc.ac.uk

(Katsumata 1996)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۷), ص. ۷۸; (Doi 2010). Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
(Doi 2010). Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).

osti.gov

(Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱). Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
(Richter 1935، صص. ۵)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱۰). این تعریف متعاقباً توسط (Hutton و Boore 1987) به عنوان ۱۰ میلی‌متر حرکت توسط زمین‌لرزه‌ای در ۱۷ کیلومتری بازتعریف شد. M_L 3. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
(Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۱)؛ (Kanamori 1983، ص. ۱۸۷)، شکل ۲. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
(Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ix). Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
(Kanamori 1983، صص. ۱۸۹, ۱۹۶)؛ (Chung و Bernreuter 1980، ص. ۵). Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.

phys.org

(Alicia Chang 2016). Alicia Chang (2016). "How shallow, deep earthquakes differ" (به انگلیسی). Phys.org. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

springer.com

link.springer.com

(Saito 2019، ص. 7). Saito, Tatsuhiko. (2019), Tsunami Generation and Propagation, Springer Geophysics, doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56850-6.

telegrafenberg.de

bib.telegrafenberg.de

(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷). رابطه بین بزرگی و انرژی آزادشده پیچیده‌است. برای جزئیات بیشتر §۳٫۱٫۲٫۵ و §۳٫۳٫۳ را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، § ۳٫۱٫۲٫۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۱٫۴) را ببینید، صص ۲۰–۲۱، برای توضیح کوتاه، یا NMSOP-2 (EX 3-1 2012) برای توضیح تخصصی. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Bormann, P. (2012), "Exercise 3.1: Magnitude determinations" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_EX_3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۸). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، صص. ۲–۳). Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴), ص. ۵۹. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
به صفحه داده ۳٫۱ در NMSOP-2 مراجعه کنید و برای منابع آن به بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰۱۹-۰۸-۰۴ توسط Wayback Machine
(Katsumata 1996)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۷), ص. ۷۸; (Doi 2010). Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷)؛ (Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۶٫۵). همچنین ببینید: (Abe 1981). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
NMSOP-2/IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، §۴٫۲), صص. ۱۵–۱۶. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۳۷٬۳۹)؛ (Bolt 1993، صص. ۸۸–۹۳) این را بررسی می‌کند. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI (IS 3-3 2014، ص. ۱۸). Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Nuttli 1983، ص. ۱۰۴)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
IASPEI/NMSOP-2 (IS 3-2 2013، ص. ۸). Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). زیرنویس "g" به لایه گرانیتی اشاره دارد که از طریق آن امواج L_g منتشر می‌شوند.(Chen و Pomeroy 1980، ص. ۴). همچنین مقاله J. R. Kayal، با عنوان "امواج لرزه‌ای و مکان زمین‌لرزه" را در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine ببینید، ص ۵. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۸۱–۸۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (DS 3-1 2012، ص. ۸). Bormann, P. (2012), "Data Sheet 3.1: Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data." (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1.
The Iفرمول استاندارد ASPEI برای استخراج بزرگی گشتاوری از گشتاور لرزه‌ای، فرمول ۳٫۶۸ در این منبع است:
M_w  = (۲/۳) (log M₀  – ۹٫۱). (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۲۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §3.2.8.3), pp. 135–128. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، ص. ۱۹۸)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۲). Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۳) Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-6 2012، §۷). Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6.
برای بحث گسترده، (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۷٫۲) را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-6 2012، §۵). Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۳۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Rautian و دیگران 2007)؛ NMSOP-2 (IS 3-7 2012)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۶). Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
Bindi و دیگران 2011، ص. ۳۳۰. فرمول‌های رگرسیون اضافی برای مناطق مختلف را می‌توان در اینجا یافت: (Rautian و دیگران 2007، جدول‌های ۱و ۲). همچنین ببینید: (IS 3-7 2012، ص. ۱۷). Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۶٫۷), ص. ۱۲۴. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۸٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵), صص. ۷۱–۷۲. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Musson و Cecić 2012، ص. ۲). Musson, R. M.; Cecić, I. (2012), "Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12.
NMSOP-2 (IS 3-2 2013، صص. ۱–۲). Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.

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"شیوه‌نامه بزرگی زمین‌لرزه USGS" برای گزارش بزرگی زمین‌لرزه به عموم که توسط "کارگروه بزرگی زمین لرزه USGS" تدوین شده در ۱۸ ژانویه ۲۰۰۲ اجرا شد و در این آدرس در دسترس بود: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. پست مزبور از آن زمان حذف شده ولی یک نسخه در آرشیو موجود است: ، و بخش‌های ضروری را می‌توان در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۳۱ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۷ توسط Wayback Machine یافت.

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(Trinidad and Tobago Weather Center 2022). Trinidad and Tobago Weather Center (2022). "Earthquake Magnitude & Intensity" (به انگلیسی). Trinidad and Tobago Weather Center. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
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(Rautian و Leith 2002، صص. ۱۵۸, ۱۶۲). Rautian, T.; Leith, W. S. (September 2002), "Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union." (PDF), 24th Seismic Research Review – Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida.
(Rautian و Leith 2002، صص. ۱۶۲, ۱۶۴). Rautian, T.; Leith, W. S. (September 2002), "Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union." (PDF), 24th Seismic Research Review – Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida.
(Rautian و Leith 2002، ص. ۱۶۴). Rautian, T.; Leith, W. S. (September 2002), "Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union." (PDF), 24th Seismic Research Review – Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida.

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"شیوه‌نامه بزرگی زمین‌لرزه USGS" برای گزارش بزرگی زمین‌لرزه به عموم که توسط "کارگروه بزرگی زمین لرزه USGS" تدوین شده در ۱۸ ژانویه ۲۰۰۲ اجرا شد و در این آدرس در دسترس بود: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. پست مزبور از آن زمان حذف شده ولی یک نسخه در آرشیو موجود است: ، و بخش‌های ضروری را می‌توان در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۳۱ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۷ توسط Wayback Machine یافت.
(Engdahl و Villaseñor 2002). Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
(Abe 1981، ص. 74)؛ (Engdahl و Villaseñor 2002، ص. ۶۶۷). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
(Engdahl و Villaseñor 2002، ص. ۶۸۸). Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.

escweb.wr.usgs.gov

(Bolt 1993)را ببینید، بخش‌های ۲ و۳، برای توضیح بسیار خواندنی این امواج و تفسیر آن‌ها. توصیف عالی J. R. Kayal از امواج لرزه‌ای را می‌توان در این پیوند بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine یافت. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). زیرنویس "g" به لایه گرانیتی اشاره دارد که از طریق آن امواج L_g منتشر می‌شوند.(Chen و Pomeroy 1980، ص. ۴). همچنین مقاله J. R. Kayal، با عنوان "امواج لرزه‌ای و مکان زمین‌لرزه" را در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine ببینید، ص ۵. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}.

pubs.usgs.gov

(Spence، Sipkin و Choy 1989، ص. ۶۱). Spence, W.; Sipkin, S. A.; Choy, G. L. (1989), "Measuring the size of an Earthquake" (PDF), Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 21 (1): 58–63.
(Filson و دیگران 2003). Filson, John R..; McCarthy, Jill.; Ellsworth, William L.; Zoback, Mary Lou. (2003), The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program in NEHRP—Investing in a Safer Future, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 017-03.

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web.archive.org

(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷). رابطه بین بزرگی و انرژی آزادشده پیچیده‌است. برای جزئیات بیشتر §۳٫۱٫۲٫۵ و §۳٫۳٫۳ را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، § ۳٫۱٫۲٫۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bolt 1993)را ببینید، بخش‌های ۲ و۳، برای توضیح بسیار خواندنی این امواج و تفسیر آن‌ها. توصیف عالی J. R. Kayal از امواج لرزه‌ای را می‌توان در این پیوند بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine یافت. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۸). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
"شیوه‌نامه بزرگی زمین‌لرزه USGS" برای گزارش بزرگی زمین‌لرزه به عموم که توسط "کارگروه بزرگی زمین لرزه USGS" تدوین شده در ۱۸ ژانویه ۲۰۰۲ اجرا شد و در این آدرس در دسترس بود: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. پست مزبور از آن زمان حذف شده ولی یک نسخه در آرشیو موجود است: ، و بخش‌های ضروری را می‌توان در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۳۱ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۷ توسط Wayback Machine یافت.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴), ص. ۵۹. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
به صفحه داده ۳٫۱ در NMSOP-2 مراجعه کنید و برای منابع آن به بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰۱۹-۰۸-۰۴ توسط Wayback Machine
(Katsumata 1996)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۷), ص. ۷۸; (Doi 2010). Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۳۷)؛ (Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، §۶٫۵). همچنین ببینید: (Abe 1981). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۳۷٬۳۹)؛ (Bolt 1993، صص. ۸۸–۹۳) این را بررسی می‌کند. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Nuttli 1983، ص. ۱۰۴)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۰۳). Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). زیرنویس "g" به لایه گرانیتی اشاره دارد که از طریق آن امواج L_g منتشر می‌شوند.(Chen و Pomeroy 1980، ص. ۴). همچنین مقاله J. R. Kayal، با عنوان "امواج لرزه‌ای و مکان زمین‌لرزه" را در اینجا بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine ببینید، ص ۵. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، صص. ۸۱–۸۴). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
The Iفرمول استاندارد ASPEI برای استخراج بزرگی گشتاوری از گشتاور لرزه‌ای، فرمول ۳٫۶۸ در این منبع است:
M_w  = (۲/۳) (log M₀  – ۹٫۱). (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۲۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §3.2.8.3), pp. 135–128. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Havskov و Ottemöller 2009، ص. ۱۹۸)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۲). Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۲۳) Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
برای بحث گسترده، (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۷٫۲) را ببینید. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، ص. ۱۳۱). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Rautian و دیگران 2007)؛ NMSOP-2 (IS 3-7 2012)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۶). Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application" (PDF), in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۶٫۷), ص. ۱۲۴. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۸٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵). Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.
(Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۵), صص. ۷۱–۷۲. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02.

worldcat.org

(Katsumata 1996)؛ (Bormann، Wendt و Di Giacomo 2013، §۳٫۲٫۴٫۷), ص. ۷۸; (Doi 2010). Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2021-06-02. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
(Gutenberg و Richter 1942). Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1942), "Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: 163–191, ISSN 0037-1106.
(Doi 2010). Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).