Gerald Schubert; Donald Lawson Turcotte; Peter Olson (2001). "Chapter 2: Plate tectonics". Mantle convection in the earth and planets. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16 ff. ISBN978-0-521-79836-5.
Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina; Silver, Paul G. (1998). "Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell". Nature (به انگلیسی). 395 (6699): 269–272. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..269L. doi:10.1038/26212. ISSN0028-0836.
Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina; Silver, Paul G. (1998). "Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell". Nature (به انگلیسی). 395 (6699): 269–272. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..269L. doi:10.1038/26212. ISSN0028-0836.
Picture showing convection with velocities indicated. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-29.{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:عنوان آرشیو به جای عنوان (link)
Picture showing convection with velocities indicated. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-29.{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:عنوان آرشیو به جای عنوان (link)
Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina; Silver, Paul G. (1998). "Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell". Nature (به انگلیسی). 395 (6699): 269–272. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..269L. doi:10.1038/26212. ISSN0028-0836.