Elaine Diana Smith, Turkey: origins of the Kemalist movement and the government of the Grand National Assembly, 1919–1923, American University, 26 January 1959, p. 171.
Stanford Jay Shaw, The Ottoman Empire in World War I: Prelude to war, Turkish Historical Society, 2006, ISBN978-975-16-1881-8, p. 119.
britannica.com
concise.britannica.com
Britannica, Istanbulبایگانیشده در ۱۸ دسامبر ۲۰۰۷ توسط Wayback Machine:When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.
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Britannica, Istanbulبایگانیشده در ۱۸ دسامبر ۲۰۰۷ توسط Wayback Machine:When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.