Risks and Concerns (Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Guide. Colorado State University.) (englanniksi)
doi.org
dx.doi.org
A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001-2010). ("The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research, and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." s. 16) Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Union, 2010. doi:10.2777/97784ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9Teoksen verkkoversio (PDF).
Key S & Ma JK & Drake PM: Genetically modified plants and human health. J R Soc Med, kesäkuu 2008, 101. vsk, nro 6, s. 290–8. PubMed:18515776doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372
König A & Cockburn A & Crevel RW & Debruyne E & Grafstroem R & Hammerling U & Kimber I & Knudsen I & Kuiper HA & Peijnenburg AA & Penninks AH & Poulsen M & Schauzu M & Wal JM: Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food Chem. Toxicol., heinäkuu 2004, 42. vsk, nro 7, s. 1047–88. PubMed:15123382doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.019
europa.eu
ec.europa.eu
A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001-2010). ("The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research, and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." s. 16) Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Union, 2010. doi:10.2777/97784ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9Teoksen verkkoversio (PDF).
FAO, 2004. State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. "Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU)."
FAO, 2004. State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. "Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU)."
An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research, Alessandro Nicolia et al., Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry Policies
(MiPAAF), Rome, Italy, Crit Rev Biotechnol, Early Online: 1–12, 2013 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823595.
genetics.org
Ronald, Pamela: Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security. Genetics, 2011, 188. vsk, nro 1, s. 11–20. Artikkelin verkkoversio.
New Genetics, Food and Agriculture: Scientific Discoveries - Societal Dilemas (2003), International Council for Science (ICSU). Accessed 2013. Citations: "benefits to human health coming from GM foods - - Direct Benefits
Improved nutritional quality of specific foods (e.g. modifying starch content in barley, oil content in rapeseed, or vitamin content in rice).
Removing allergens and/or toxic compounds from certain foods (e.g. peanuts).
Indirect Benefits
Pest tolerant crops can be grown with lower levels of chemical pesticides, resulting in reduced chemical residues in food, and less exposure to pesticides.
Disease resistant crops may have lower levels of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins." "several factors should be taken into account: the potential for gene flow from the crop plant to compatible wild relatives in their centres of diversity, leading to the formation of hybrids that survive and may cause environmental damage; the potential of the plant to become a weed in cultivated fields or to move outside the field to become an invasive species in other habitats; the possible effects of specific traits on non-target organisms; and unexpected effects resulting from unintended genetic recombinations. These risks are similar to those carried by any plant released into the environment."
isaaa.org
UNDP 2001 Report Supports Biotechnology, ISAAA.org. Highlights of the UNDP 2001 report. "Developed countries have been urged to put aside their fears of genetically modified organisms and help poorer nations unlock the potentials of biotechnology. "Biotechnology offers the only or the best 'tool of choice' for marginal ecological zones, left behind by the green revolution but home to more than half of the world's poorest people," the Report said."
"The current debates in Europe and the US over GM crops ignore the concerns and needs of developing countries. - - Regulated planting of biotech crops could reduce malnutrition and starvation in developing countries. - - language has become a political weapon. 'Traitor technologies and 'frankenfoods', for example instill fear and anxiety. However, there has not been a single proven death from GM foods. - - the more dominant issue is lack of food."
United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. Free full-text. National Academies Press. See pp11ff on need for better standards and tools to evaluate GM food.
Key S & Ma JK & Drake PM: Genetically modified plants and human health. J R Soc Med, kesäkuu 2008, 101. vsk, nro 6, s. 290–8. PubMed:18515776doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372
König A & Cockburn A & Crevel RW & Debruyne E & Grafstroem R & Hammerling U & Kimber I & Knudsen I & Kuiper HA & Peijnenburg AA & Penninks AH & Poulsen M & Schauzu M & Wal JM: Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food Chem. Toxicol., heinäkuu 2004, 42. vsk, nro 7, s. 1047–88. PubMed:15123382doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.019
