Methanol from Biomass Fact SheetEuropean Biofuels Technology Platform. 18.12.2012. CPL Press. Viitattu 14.4.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "In the past there was some small-scale production of methanol from biomass. In 2004 the German company Choren Industries GmbH produced methanol from wood using its Carbo-V process. In the Chemrec AB pilot plant in Piteå, Sweden about 6 tons per day of methanol is used as an intermediate in the production of BioDME. While the biochemical route through methanothrophic bacteria is still in an early state of development the conversion of biogas to methanol has been proven at bench scale. ZSW has proven that methanol could be produced from biogas at a decentralised level."
circleofblue.org
Mulder, Kenneth & Hagens, Nathan & Fisher, Brendan: Burning Water: A Comparative Analysis of the Energy Return on Water Invested. (Table 3) AMBIO, February 2010, 39. vsk, nro 1, s. 30–39. doi:10.1007/s13280-009-0003-xArtikkelin verkkoversio. (PDF) Viitattu 16.4.2014. (englanniksi)
doi.org
dx.doi.org
Mulder, Kenneth & Hagens, Nathan & Fisher, Brendan: Burning Water: A Comparative Analysis of the Energy Return on Water Invested. (Table 3) AMBIO, February 2010, 39. vsk, nro 1, s. 30–39. doi:10.1007/s13280-009-0003-xArtikkelin verkkoversio. (PDF) Viitattu 16.4.2014. (englanniksi)
Converting natural gas into liquid methanol efficiently and cost-effectively Gas Technology Institute. Viitattu 12.4.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Under ARPA-E funding, GTI is developing a new low-temperature process to convert natural gas or methane-containing gas into methanol and hydrogen for liquid fuel or chemicals production. The new process being created by GTI uses metal oxide catalysts that are continuously regenerated in a reactor that is similar to a battery. Using metal oxide catalysts reduces the energy required during the conversion process. The process is more efficient and less capital-intensive than current approaches and has the added benefit of operating at room temperature. Results to date have been very positive. The combustion efficiency of the whole process is 83% and the carbon efficiency is 90 %. Long-term tests for 1,000 hours plus system design and testing are planned, with production levels in a prototype system anticipated at a gallon per day."
hotrod.com
Huneycutt, Jeff: Alcohol Fuel Conversion – Double Duty EngineeringHot Rod. 1.9.2003. Viitattu 29.4.2015. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Because alcohol can easily contaminate the oil supply and potentially cause a bearing failure, Troutman switched from a low-tension to a standard racing ring package. The change can cost a little in terms of parasitic friction losses, but it does reduce piston blow-by and cuts down the opportunity for the alcohol fuel to enter the oil supply."
Huneycutt, Jeff: Alcohol Fuel Conversion – Double Duty EngineeringHot Rod. 1.9.2003. Viitattu 29.4.2015. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Because alcohol can easily contaminate the oil supply and potentially cause a bearing failure, Troutman switched from a low-tension to a standard racing ring package. The change can cost a little in terms of parasitic friction losses, but it does reduce piston blow-by and cuts down the opportunity for the alcohol fuel to enter the oil supply."
Sands, Jason: Why There's Power in Methanol. Hot Rod, March 2015, 68. vsk, nro 3, s. 104, 106. New York, New York: The Enthusiast Network Magazines. ISSN 0018-6031Artikkelin verkkoversio. Viitattu 7.4.2015. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Methanol has come back in a big way, with many race cars making the switch and even some street vehicles running the stuff."
Heng Hui: China methanol usage to surge as new fuel standards take effectICIS News. 4.4.2013. ICIS. Viitattu 16.4.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Across different provinces in China, methanol blends on fuel in varying degrees – ranging from 5–100 % – are being adopted, supporting expectations of strong consumption in the coming years."
Shav Glick: Safer at Any Speed : Many of the Dangerous Risks in Indy Car Racing Are Eliminated by DesignLos Angeles Times. 6.8.1989. Viitattu 2.8.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: After the MacDonald-Sachs fire, in which both cars were loaded with gasoline, the United States Auto Club mandated that methanol, a less volatile fuel, be used exclusively. "Methanol is much safer than gasoline, much more stable and more difficult to ignite," Russell said. "Methanol is also much easier to control than gasoline because it absorbs water."
Zubrin, Robert: Methanol WinsNational Review Online. 1.12.2011. National Review. Viitattu 16.4.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "First, I ran the car on 100 percent methanol. This required replacing the fuel-pump seal made of Viton, which is not methanol compatible, with one made of Buna-N, which is. The new part cost 41 cents, retail. In order to take proper advantage of methanol’s very high octane rating (about 109), I advanced the timing appropriately. This dramatically improved the motor efficiency and allowed the ordinarily sedate sedan to perform with a significantly more sporty spirit. As measured on the dyno, horsepower increased 10 percent. With these modifications complete, I took my Cobalt out for a road test. The result: 24.6 miles per gallon."
Tuomisto J. 100 kysymystä ympäristöstä ja terveydestä: arsenikista öljyyn, ss. 49-50. Kustannus Oy Duodecim, Helsinki 2007. Verkossa englanniksi http://en.opasnet.org/w/arsenic_to_zoonoses
Billinton, Peter; Heatley, Rex; Storm, John: Compression RatiosRay Hall Turbocharging. 14.11.2014. Viitattu 2.5.2015. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Going back to our simple heat engine again as a basis, we can say by the use of Methanol we are getting twice the weight of fuel to ignite, at the same time we can increase the compression ratio to a much higher figure thus producing much greater power or force on the piston, and so in fact obtaining a more efficient engine."
Billinton, Peter; Heatley, Rex; Storm, John: Basic Fuel CharacteristicsRay Hall Turbocharging. 14.11.2014. Viitattu 2.5.2015. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "ethanol permits the use of very high compression ratios when unsupercharged or high boost pressures when supercharged. The large cooling effect increases volumetric efficiency and is of particular use in the supercharged engine reducing charge temperature after compression."
François Maréchal, Georges Heyen, Boris Kalitventzeff: Energy Savings in Methanol Synthesis: Use of Heat Integration Techniques and Simulation Tools (PDF) 26.9.2002. Belgia: Université de Liège. Viitattu 12.4.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Starting with a classical methane conversion of 60% for the classical system, we identify solutions with up to 93 % of the overall methane conversion when we transform the net mechanical power produced into methane savings at the country level."
usc.edu
Methanol EconomyUSC Dornsife. University of Southern California. Viitattu 23.4.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Methanol is an excellent high-octane fuel for internal combustion engines and is an even more efficient fuel in fuel cells. Because it is a liquid at ambient temperatures (Boiling point: 64.6 ºC), methanol can be readily stored and transported using existing infrastructure."
web.archive.org
Speed-o-motive: Engine Building (arkistoitu 2012-06-18)RacingSecrets.com. 1998. Viitattu 4.4.2014. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "15.5:1- Is the highest compression ratio suggested for unrestricted alcohol fuel engines."
Päästötalkoiden heikoin lenkki on polttoaine. Tiede, Huhtikuu 2014. Helsinki: Sanoma Osakeyhtiö. ISSN 1457-9030 Lainaus: "Tähän asti hiilivetyjen kemiallisia sidoksia on pilkottu platinalla, kullalla ja muilla kalliilla katalyyteillä. Nyt Scripps-instituutin Roy Periana kertoo kollegoineen Science-lehdessä, että purkutyöhön sopivat yllättäen myös yleiset ja edulliset lyijy ja tallium. Niitä käytettäessä säästyy myös huomattavasti energiaa. Ne reagoivat hiilen ja vedyn kanssa jo 180 asteen lämpötilassa, kun arvokatalyytit vaativat kuumennuksen tuhannen asteen tuntumaan. Mikä parasta, nesteytyksestä poistuu yksi vaihe kokonaan. Kaasun ainesosia ei tarvitse nykyiseen tapaan erotella etukäteen, vaan seoksen voi käyttää sellaisenaan eri alkoholien, kuten metanolin ja etanolin, valmistukseen."
Sands, Jason: Why There's Power in Methanol. Hot Rod, March 2015, 68. vsk, nro 3, s. 104, 106. New York, New York: The Enthusiast Network Magazines. ISSN 0018-6031Artikkelin verkkoversio. Viitattu 7.4.2015. (englanniksi) Lainaus: "Methanol has come back in a big way, with many race cars making the switch and even some street vehicles running the stuff."
