William J. Samarin, The Black Man's Burden: African Colonial Labor On The Congo And Ubangi Rivers, 1880-1900, Routledge, (lire en ligne)
jstor.org
links.jstor.org
Oral Tradition and Ethnicity, Robert Harms,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), p. 61-85
persee.fr
Michael Meeuwis, The Lingála-Kiswahili border in north-eastern Congo. Its origins in Belgian colonial state formation of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Dans : Africana Linguistica, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale - Tervuren - Belgique, (lire en ligne), p. 113-135
