(en) Christopher I. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia : A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, , 281 p. (ISBN0-691-02469-3, lire en ligne)
René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes : A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, , 114– (ISBN978-0-8135-1304-1, lire en ligne)
Jonathan Karam Skaff, Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors : Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800, Oxford University Press, , 311– (ISBN978-0-19-999627-8, lire en ligne)
