(en) Professor Henry Louis Jr. Gates, Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong et Mr Steven J. Niven, Dictionary of African Biography, OUP USA, (ISBN9780195382075, lire en ligne), p. 359
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(en) Kevin J. Callahan et Sarah Ann Curtis, Views from the Margins: Creating Identities in Modern France, U of Nebraska Press, (ISBN978-0803218765, lire en ligne), p. 61